No date: If there is no year of publication, use the abbreviation (n.d.) for no date.
Title of work: For YouTube and streaming videos, the Title of work is in italics and is in sentence case, i.e. capitalise the first letter of the first word and the first word after a colon. Capitalise proper nouns.
For more information on reference list format and style, see General information - basics of referencing.
Author. (Date). Title of Work [Description]. Name of site. https://xxx
Education Scotland. (2016, July 15). Dylan Wiliam: Feeding on learning [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7Ox5aoZ4ww
Sicoe, V. (2013, May 17). Backstory - all about Eve (behind the scenes documentary) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a98Bcu55nAM
Walker, R. (2017, January 22). Negative infinity [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/200568636
Note: When the video is available via YouTube, list the owner of the YouTube account as the author to help retrieve the talk.
Parenthetical citation: When you use another person’s ideas or words in your text, include the author’s name and publication date in brackets, generally at the end of the sentence, e.g. ... services closer to home (Bishop, 2024).
Narrative citation: If you use the author’s name as part of a sentence, include the date of publication in brackets, generally at the beginning of the sentence, e.g. Bishop (2024) argued that time was ...
... in a recent broadcast (Tennant, 2013). Another view, according to Tennant (2013), was that ...
Note: If you use a parenthetical citation the first time, followed by a narrative citation, you need to repeat the date.
In a recent broadcast, Tennant (2013) suggested that ... Another view, according to Tennant, was that ...
Note: If you use a narrative citation the first time, followed by another narrative citation, you can omit the date. But, if you use a parenthetical citation the next time, you must include the date.
Use ‘&’ between the authors' surnames when they are enclosed within brackets. Use ‘and’ when they form part of the sentence.
... in a recent study (Holt & Wilkinson, 2016). Another finding, according to Holt and Wilkinson (2016), was that ...
Note: If you use a parenthetical citation the first time, followed by a narrative citation, you need to repeat the date.
In a recent study, Holt and Wilkinson (2016) showed that ... Another finding, according to Holt and Wilkinson, was that ...
Note: If you use a narrative citation the first time, followed by another narrative citation, you can omit the date. But, if you use a parenthetical citation the next time, you must include the date.
Cite only the surname of the first author followed by ‘et al.’
... in a recent study (Cole et al., 2010). Another finding, according to Cole et al. (2010), was that ...
Note: If you use a parenthetical citation the first time, followed by a narrative citation, you need to repeat the date.
In a recent study, Cole et al. (2010) showed that ... Another finding, according to Cole et al., was that ...
Note: If you use a narrative citation the first time, followed by another narrative citation, you can omit the date. But, if you use a parenthetical citation the next time, you must include the date.
Use the name of the group as it appears in your reference list. However, the group name can be abbreviated. The first time, cite the full name with the abbreviation. Subsequently, only use the abbreviation. If the reader could be confused by the abbreviation use the full group name each time.
... in a recent study (Education Scotland, 2016). Another finding, according to Education Scotland (2016), was that ...
Note: If you use a parenthetical citation the first time, followed by a narrative citation, you need to repeat the date.
In a recent study, Education Scotland (2016) showed that ... Another finding, according to Education Scotland, was that ...
Note: If you use a narrative citation the first time, followed by another narrative citation, you can omit the date. But, if you use a parenthetical citation the next time, you must include the date.
For the title of the article with no author, use Title Case with double quotation marks. For a long title, use only the first few words.
Companies are more successful with leaders whose skills fit the particular challenges of the job (“When Hiring Execs,” 2017).
Note: If you use a parenthetical citation the first time, followed by a narrative citation, you need to repeat the date.
The article “When Hiring Execs” (2017) suggests that you ascertain personality attributes, skills and appropriate experiences of executives as leaders before hiring.
Note: If you use a narrative citation the first time, followed by another narrative citation, you can omit the date. But, if you use a parenthetical citation the next time, you must include the date.
Use sentence case, i.e. only capitalise the first word of the title, the first word of a subtitle or the first word after a colon, and proper nouns.
When hiring execs, context matters most. (2017). Harvard Business Review, 95(5), 20-22.
If there is no date provided, use n.d. (for 'no date') where you'd normally put the date.
Using second-generation biofuels may be a solution to the food vs. fuel debate (Jones & Bob, n.d.).
Note: If you use a parenthetical citation the first time, followed by a narrative citation, you need to repeat the date.
Jones and Bob (n.d.) have developed the next generation of biofuels from the inedible components of food crops.
Note: If you use a narrative citation the first time, followed by another narrative citation, you can omit the date. But, if you use a parenthetical citation the next time, you must include the date.
Use sentence case, i.e. only capitalise the first word of the title, the first word of a subtitle or the first word after a colon, and proper nouns.
Jones, R. B., & Bob, J. (n.d.). First-generation biofuel technologies vs food crops used to produce ethanol. Journal of Fuels and Combustibles, 5(5), 224-228.