No date: If there is no year of publication, use the abbreviation (n.d.) for no date.
Title of lecture/speech: The lecture/speech title is in italics and is in sentence case, i.e. capitalise the first letter of the first word and the first word after a colon. Capitalise proper nouns.
Note: Lectures/speeches are treated as personal communications, i.e. they only appear in the text and are not included in the reference list.
However, if the lecturer/speaker has posted the lecture/speech publicly online or in a published form, then you can cite it, and it would appear in your reference list.
For more information on reference list format and style, see General information - basics of referencing.
Author. (Year). Title of course or topic [Lecture notes]. Website name. https://xxxx
Author. (Year). Title of course or topic [PowerPoint slides]. Website name. https://xxxx
Ibrahim, F., & Welday, M. (2008).
Pathophysiology
[Lecture notes]. Haramaya University. https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/health/ephti/library/
lecture_notes/nursing_students/LN_Pathophysiology.pdf
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (2007). Explorers' guide to the solar system [PowerPoint slides]. Night Sky Network. https://nightsky.jpl.nasa.gov/download-view.cfm?Doc_ID=236
Note: If you are writing for an audience outside of the University of Auckland - Lecture notes and PowerPoint slides in Canvas are considered personal communications as they are not publicly available.
Carroll, M. (2019). Improving the health of populations and eliminating health inequities [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@UoA. https://iam.auckland.ac.nz/profile/SAML2/Redirect/SSO?execution=e2s1
Note: If you are writing an assignment for the University, then you can use Lecture notes and PowerPoint slides from Canvas as long you include the name of the site and login URL.
If you need to cite a speech, e.g. Martin Luther King's declaration, reference the source in which you found it, e.g. book.
Smith, J. (Ed.). (2009). Well said! Great speeches in American history. E & K Publishing.
Author. (year). Title [File format]. Name of Collection; Name of Repository. https://xxx
Ehau, K. H. A. (1953, June 7). Kepa Ehau - Coronation speech [audio recording]. Sound Collection; Nga Taonga Sound & Vision. https://www.ngataonga.org.nz/collections/catalogue/catalogue-item?record_id=208210
Parenthetical citation: When you use another person’s ideas or words in your text, include the author’s name and publication date in brackets, generally at the end of the sentence, e.g. ... services closer to home (Bishop, 2024).
Narrative citation: If you use the author’s name as part of a sentence, include the date of publication in brackets, generally at the beginning of the sentence, e.g. Bishop (2024) argued that time was ...
As indicated in their lecture... (Ibrahim & Welday, 2008).
Note: If you use a parenthetical citation the first time, followed by a narrative citation, you need to repeat the date.
Ibrahim & Welday (2008) indicated in their lecture ...
Note: If you use a narrative citation the first time, followed by another narrative citation, you can omit the date. But, if you use a parenthetical citation the next time, you must include the date.
No corresponding reference list entry
In her speech, it was reiterated that ... (Dr Li Wang, personal communication, August 14, 2016).
Note: If you use a parenthetical citation the first time, followed by a narrative citation, you need to repeat the date.
Dr Li Wang (personal communication, August 14, 2016) reiterated in her speech that ...
Note: If you use a narrative citation the first time, followed by another narrative citation, you can omit the date. But, if you use a parenthetical citation the next time, you must include the date.
Dr Martin Luther King stated, “I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed” (Smith, 2009, p. 219).
Note: If you use a parenthetical citation the first time, followed by a narrative citation, you need to repeat the date.
Smith (2009) quoted Dr Martin Luther King's famous line, “I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed” (p. 219).
Note: If you use a narrative citation the first time, followed by another narrative citation, you can omit the date. But, if you use a parenthetical citation the next time, you must include the date.