Date of publication: For the date of publication, include the year, month, day. Add an edition if relevant, e.g. ‘early ed.’
No date: If there is no year of publication, use the abbreviation (n.d.) for no date.
Article title: The Article title is in sentence case, i.e. capitalise the first letter of the first word and the first word after a colon. Capitalise proper nouns.
Newspaper title: The Newspaper Title is in italics and Title Case, i.e. capitalise the first letter of each major word.
Note: Electronic newspapers may not have a section or page number(s).
For more information on reference list format and style, see General information - basics of referencing.
Author. (Date of publication). Title of article. Name of Newspaper, section/page number(s). https://xxx
Author. (Date of publication). Title of article. Name of Newspaper, section/page number(s).
Cain-Miller, C. (2017, April 10). It’s not just Fox: Why women don’t report sexual harassment. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/10/upshot/its-not-just-fox-why-women-dont-report-sexual-harassment.html
Stock, R. (2009, May 10). A sticky situation for honey industry. Sunday Star Times, D3.
Author One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten, Eleven, Twelve, Thirteen, Fourteen, Fifteen, Sixteen, Seventeen, Eighteen, Nineteen, & Twenty. (Date of publication). Title of article. Name of Newspaper, section/page number(s). https://xxx
Author One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten, Eleven, Twelve, Thirteen, Fourteen, Fifteen, Sixteen, Seventeen, Eighteen, Nineteen, & Twenty. (Date of publication). Title of article. Name of Newspaper, section/page number(s).
Goldstein, M., Eder, S., Kelly, K., Stevenson, A., & Protess, B. (2017, March 31). Bannon made millions in shaping right-wing thought. The New York Times, A15. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/31/business/dealbook/how-some-top-trump-aides-made-their-fortunes.html
Ots, A., Hawkins, B., & Taylor, A. (1996, February 14). Asthma achievement awards. Evening Post, 7.
List the first nineteen authors' names, insert ellipses (3 full stops), then add the last author.
Author One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten, Eleven, Twelve, Thirteen, Fourteen, Fifteen, Sixteen, Seventeen, Eighteen, Nineteen, ... Last. (Date of publication). Title of article. Name of Newspaper, section/page number(s). https://xxx
Author One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten, Eleven, Twelve, Thirteen, Fourteen, Fifteen, Sixteen, Seventeen, Eighteen, Nineteen, ... Last. (Date of publication). Title of article. Name of Newspaper, section/page number(s).
Note: Group could be an organisation, association, government department, study group, etc.
Name of Organisation. (Date of publication). Title of article. Name of Newspaper, section/page number(s). https://xxx
Name of Organisation. (Date of publication). Title of article. Name of Newspaper, section/page number(s).
Ministry of Transport. (2016, March 5). Reducing New Zealand's transport woes. Kaipara Times, A5. https://www.kaiparatimes.co.nz/2016/03/5/business/reducing-new-zealands-transport-woes.html
World Health Organization. (2005, February 14). Asthma increasing in developed countries. Morning Post, 4.
If the author is unknown, place the title in the author position followed by the date of publication.
Title of article. (Date of publication). Name of Newspaper, section/page number(s). https://xxx
Title of article. (Date of publication). Name of Newspaper, section/page number(s).
Former spy boss David Irvine appointed head of foreign investment board. (2017, April 8). The Sydney Morning Herald. https://bit.ly/2OrixWx
Honey gives up healthy secret. (2009, April 18). New Zealand Herald, A13.
Parenthetical citation: When you use another person’s ideas or words in your text, include the author’s name and publication date in brackets, generally at the end of the sentence, e.g. ... services closer to home (Bishop, 2024).
Narrative citation: If you use the author’s name as part of a sentence, include the date of publication in brackets, generally at the beginning of the sentence, e.g. Bishop (2024) argued that time was ...
Women who experience sexual harassment in the workplace are reluctant to report it due to the fear of retaliation (Cain-Miller, 2017).
Note: If you use a parenthetical citation the first time, followed by a narrative citation, you need to repeat the date.
Collins (2016) suggested that a lack of resourcing in mental health services has exacerbated the crisis. Another finding, according to Collins, is that homelessness is on the rise.
Note: If you use a narrative citation the first time, followed by another narrative citation, you can omit the date. But, if you use a parenthetical citation the next time, you must include the date.
Use ‘&’ between the authors' surnames when they are enclosed within brackets. Use ‘and’ when they form part of the sentence.
The boreal caribou are still declining five years after a protection agreement was introduced (McCarthy & Semeniuk, 2017).
Note: If you use a parenthetical citation the first time, followed by a narrative citation, you need to repeat the date.
McCarthy and Semeniuk (2017) found that forestry, mining, oil and gas development have impacted the habitat of the boreal caribou.
Note: If you use a narrative citation the first time, followed by another narrative citation, you can omit the date. But, if you use a parenthetical citation the next time, you must include the date.
Cite only the surname of the first author followed by ‘et al.’
... financial disclosures by the White House (Goldstein et al., 2017). According to Goldstein et al. (2017), income and assets ...
Note: If you use a parenthetical citation the first time, followed by a narrative citation, you need to repeat the date.
Goldstein et al. (2017) discussed the wealth of the chief strategist ... This political news, as claimed by Goldstein et al., was ...
Note: If you use a narrative citation the first time, followed by another narrative citation, you can omit the date. But, if you use a parenthetical citation the next time, you must include the date.
Use the name of the group as it appears in your reference list. However, the group name can be abbreviated. The first time, cite the full name with the abbreviation. Subsequently, only use the abbreviation. If the reader could be confused by the abbreviation use the full group name each time.
... the effectiveness of zidovudine in the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus transmission (HIV) from mothers to babies (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 1994).
Subsequently, cite the name of the group in the abbreviated form.
Each year, about 7000 HIV-infected women give birth, and of those, 35% have HIV-infected babies (CDC, 1994).
Note: If you use a parenthetical citation the first time, followed by a narrative citation, you need to repeat the date.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP, 1984) assists developing countries to help improve their socioeconomic conditions.
Subsequently, cite the name of the group in the abbreviated form.
Regarding financing technical cooperation and other pre-investment undertakings, UNDP (1984) helps build self-reliance.
Note: If you use a narrative citation the first time, followed by another narrative citation, you can omit the date. But, if you use a parenthetical citation the next time, you must include the date.
For the title of the article with no author, use Title Case with double quotation marks. For a long title, use only the first few words.
… federal government’s regulator on foreign investments (“Former Spy Boss David Irvine”, 2017).
Note: If you use a parenthetical citation the first time, followed by a narrative citation, you need to repeat the date.
In the article “Honey Gives Up Healthy Secret” (2009), University of Waikato researchers report on their latest discovery regarding Manuka honey.
Note: If you use a narrative citation the first time, followed by another narrative citation, you can omit the date. But, if you use a parenthetical citation the next time, you must include the date.
Use sentence case, i.e. only capitalise the first word of the title, the first word of a subtitle or the first word after a colon, and proper nouns.
When hiring execs, context matters most. (2017). Harvard Business Review, 95(5), 20-22.