No date: If there is no year of publication, use the abbreviation (n.d.) for no date.
For more information on reference list format and style, see General information - basics of referencing.
If you are including a visual work (e.g. chart, photograph, drawing, etc.) that you have produced yourself, you do not need to reference this work.
For visual works, the author is the producer of the work, e.g. artwork - artist, photograph - photographer. If the author is unknown, place the title in the author position followed by the date.
Artist. (Year of work). Title of work [Medium]. Museum/Institution/collection/source where the work is held: City, Country. https://xxx
Note: For Clip art, infographics, maps and photographs, the city and country are not required.
Artist. (Year of work). Title of work [Medium]. Museum/Institution/collection/source where the work is held: City, Country.
Note: Use this format for all types of artwork, e.g. photographs, prints, maps, clip art, infographics and paintings. After the title, always include a description of the type of medium in square brackets, e.g. [Sculpture].
Bouchardon, E. (1750). Cupid cutting his bow from the club of Hercules [Sculpture]. The Louvre, Paris, France. https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/cupid-cutting-his-bow-club-hercules
Cheyrou, B. (2012). Mother and nurse with newborn baby [Photograph]. Alamy Stock Photo. https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-mother-and-nurse-with-newborn-baby-55270116.html
Department of Lands & Survey. (1968). [Map of the North Island showing county boundaries, NZMS 139]. National Library of New Zealand. https://ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE39960095
j4p4n. (2020). Book frame [Clip art]. Openclipart. https://openclipart.org/detail/318870/book-frame
Lorrain, C. (1648). Pastoral Caprice with the Arch of Constantine and the Colosseum [Painting]. Scottish National Gallery, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Note: If there is no title for the artwork, include a description in square brackets in the title place.
Parenthetical citation: When you use another person’s ideas or words in your text, include the author’s name and publication date in brackets, generally at the end of the sentence, e.g. ... services closer to home (Bishop, 2024).
Narrative citation: If you use the author’s name as part of a sentence, include the date of publication in brackets, generally at the beginning of the sentence, e.g. Bishop (2024) argued that time was ...
Whole work: When you are reproducing a whole work, you must include details of the copyright owner.
You must also seek permission from the copyright owner if your writing will be made publicly available (e.g. a digital copy is uploaded to the University's research repository, ResearchSpace, or it is published in a journal). When permission is granted, add ‘Reprinted with permission’.
The University's copyright licence allows you to use images retrieved from a library database without seeking permission from the copyright holder as long as your essay is not made publicly available. In this case, you may omit the information on the copyright holder and permission. However, you must still give credit to the creator of the work and reference your source.
Note: Works in the public domain may be reproduced without permission. Works with a Creative Commons licence should be used according to the terms of its licence. In both of these cases, the creators of the work are still acknowledged, and the source is referenced. For more on the use of copyright materials, see about copyright and copyright for staff and students.
Place the figure near your in-text citation.
Figure number: The figure number (Arabic) appears above the figure in bold font (e.g. Figure 1 ). Number figures separately from tables in the order that they are mentioned in your text.
Figure title: The Figure Title appears (in italics and in Title Case) one double-spaced line below the figure number.
Figure caption: The caption below the figure begins with the word ‘ Note. ’ in italics. If you created the figure from data that was sourced elsewhere, use ‘Adapted from’.