These examples apply to visual works, i.e. artwork in a museum or museum website, clip art or stock images, infographics, maps and photographs.
No date: If there is no year of publication, use the abbreviation (n.d.) for no date.
Title of work: The Title of the work is in italics and in sentence case, i.e. capitalise the first letter of the first word and the first word after a colon. Capitalise proper nouns.
Description: Add a description of the medium in square brackets after the title, e.g. [Clip art], [Painting], [Photograph], [Sculpture].
For more information on reference list format and style, see General information - basics of referencing.
For visual works, the author is the producer of the work, e.g. artwork - artist, photograph - photographer. If the author is unknown, place the title in the author position followed by the date.
Artist. (Year of work). Title of work [Medium]. Museum/Institution/collection/source where the work is held: City, Country. https://xxx
Note: For Clip art, infographics, maps and photographs, the city and country are not required.
Artist. (Year of work). Title of work [Medium]. Museum/Institution/collection/source where the work is held: City, Country.
Note: Use this format for all types of artwork, e.g. photographs, prints, maps, clip art, infographic and paintings. After the title, always include a description of the type of medium in square brackets, e.g. [Sculpture].
Bouchardon, E. (1750). Cupid cutting his bow from the club of Hercules [Sculpture]. The Louvre, Paris, France. https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/cupid-cutting-his-bow-club-hercules
Cheyrou, B. (2012). Mother and nurse with newborn baby [Photograph]. Alamy Stock Photo. https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-mother-and-nurse-with-newborn-baby-55270116.html
Department of Lands & Survey. (1968). [Map of the North Island showing county boundaries, NZMS 139]. National Library of New Zealand. https://ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE39960095
j4p4n. (2020). Book frame [Clip art]. Openclipart. https://openclipart.org/detail/318870/book-frame
Lorrain, C. (1648). Pastoral Caprice with the Arch of Constantine and the Colosseum [Painting]. Scottish National Gallery, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Note: If there is no title for the artwork, include a description in square brackets in the title place.
Parenthetical citation: When you use another person’s ideas or words in your text, include the author’s name and publication date in brackets, generally at the end of the sentence, e.g. ... services closer to home (Bishop, 2024).
Narrative citation: If you use the author’s name as part of a sentence, include the date of publication in brackets, generally at the beginning of the sentence, e.g. Bishop (2024) argued that time was ...
If you are only referring to an image or artwork in your text, not reproducing it, cite the artist and date (if available). If the artist is unknown, place the title in the author position followed by the date.
.... the sculpture of Cupid cutting his bow (Bouchardon, 1750).
Note: If you use a parenthetical citation the first time, followed by a narrative citation, you need to repeat the date.
The sculpture by Bouchardon (1750) depicts Cupid cutting his bow ...
Note: If you use a narrative citation the first time, followed by another narrative citation, you can omit the date. But, if you use a parenthetical citation the next time, you must include the date.
Well-known works do not need citing.
... and the photograph was staged in a similar format to da Vinci's "The Last Supper".
If you are including an image or artwork in your writing, please refer to the figures section for guidance.