No date: For the date of publication, use the copyright date. If there is no copyright date, use the abbreviation (n.d.) for no date.
Book title: The Book title is in italics and is in sentence case, i.e. capitalise the first letter of the first word and the first word after a colon. Capitalise proper nouns.
Edition: Include edition details for a numbered edition, e.g. 2nd ed. Place the edition details after the book title, but not in italics. Use Rev. ed. for revised editions. If the edition is for a particular country, include this, e.g. (2nd Australian & New Zealand ed.).
Publishers: If there are multiple publishers, include them all separated by a semicolon. For example: Random House; John Wiley & Sons.
DOI: For electronic books, include the DOI number (digital object identifier) if available. The format for a DOI is:
https://doi.org/10.1080/1057356030207
If there is no DOI, use the web address.
Note: If the book is from a database (e.g. ProQuest or EBSCO) and doesn't have a DOI, do not include the URL but reference it as a print book.
For more information on reference list format and style, see General information - basics of referencing.
If the DOI is unavailable, use the URL from which the audiobook was downloaded.
Author. (Copyright date). Title of book. Publisher. https://doi.org/xxx
Author. (Copyright date). Title of book. Publisher. https://xxxx
Author. (Copyright date). Title of book. Publisher.
Lewisohn, M. (2013). Tune in: The Beatles: All these years. Random House Audio. https://www.penguinrandomhouseaudio.com/book/234785/tune-in/
If the DOI is unavailable, use the URL from which the audiobook was downloaded.
Author. (Copyright date). Title of book (Narrator, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Publisher. https://doi.org/xxx
Author. (Copyright date). Title of book (Narrator, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Publisher. https://xxxx
Kipling, R. (2000). Kim (M. Sharma, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Naxos AudioBooks. https://naxosaudiobooks.com/kim-abridged/ (Original work published 1901)
Levitin, D. J. (2007). This is your brain on music: The science of a human obsession (E. Herrmann, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Penguin Audio. https://bit.ly/2QvJNED
Note: Only use this format when you wish to emphasise the narrator.
Parenthetical citation: When you use another person’s ideas or words in your text, include the author’s name and publication date in brackets, generally at the end of the sentence, e.g. ... services closer to home (Bishop, 2024).
Narrative citation: If you use the author’s name as part of a sentence, include the date of publication in brackets, generally at the beginning of the sentence, e.g. Bishop (2024) argued that time was ...
Avoidance is often encountered among staff who are undervalued in the workplace (Northouse, 2015). Another observation by Northouse (2015) is that avoidance can be counterproductive and lead to stress and conflict.
Note: If you use a parenthetical citation the first time, followed by a narrative citation, you need to repeat the date.
Northouse (2015) argues that avoidance is often encountered among staff who are undervalued in the workplace. Northouse further claims that this can be counterproductive and lead to stress and conflict.
Note: If you use a narrative citation the first time, followed by another narrative citation, you can omit the date. But, if you use a parenthetical citation the next time, you must include the date.
Use ‘&’ between the authors' surnames when they are enclosed within brackets. Use ‘and’ when they form part of the sentence.
... devastation of earthquakes (Peat & Lockyer, 2010). Tsunamis, according to Peat and Lockyer (2010), are ...
Note: If you use a parenthetical citation the first time, followed by a narrative citation, you need to repeat the date.
Peat and Lockyer (2010) investigate why such events ... According to Peat and Lockyer, geography has an important part ...
Note: If you use a narrative citation the first time, followed by another narrative citation, you can omit the date. But, if you use a parenthetical citation the next time, you must include the date.
Cite only the surname of the first author followed by ‘et al.’
... climatic extremes in New Zealand (Plummer et al., 1999). Plummer et al. (1999) discovered that drought conditions ...
Note: If you use a parenthetical citation the first time, followed by a narrative citation, you need to repeat the date.
In a recent study, Plummer et al. (1999) found that precipitation had increased over this century. According to Plummer et al., climatic impacts are ...
Note: If you use a narrative citation the first time, followed by another narrative citation, you can omit the date. But, if you use a parenthetical citation the next time, you must include the date.
Use the name of the group as it appears in your reference list. However, the group name can be abbreviated. The first time, cite the full name with the abbreviation. Subsequently, only use the abbreviation. If the reader could be confused by the abbreviation use the full group name each time.
Denmark has the most efficient process for property transfers (World Bank Group, 2016). The World Bank Group (2016) identified Greece as having the worst process with 10 different procedures needing to be completed before the property transfer is registered.
OR
... compensation guide (Accident Compensation Corporation [ACC], 1983).
Subsequently, cite the name of the group in the abbreviated form.
Employee accidents at work will receive compensation (ACC, 1983).
Note: If you use a parenthetical citation the first time, followed by a narrative citation, you need to repeat the date.
The Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC, 1983) gives guidance as to the employer's liability.
Subsequently, cite the name of the group in the abbreviated form.
ACC (1983) stated that liability is the responsibility of the employer.
Note: If you use a narrative citation the first time, followed by another narrative citation, you can omit the date. But, if you use a parenthetical citation the next time, you must include the date.
For the title of the book/edited book, use Title Case with italics. For a long title, use only the first few words.
... delivers an introduction to the study of women through feminism, social constructs and relationships (Reading Women's Lives, 1997).
Note: If you use a parenthetical citation the first time, followed by a narrative citation, you need to repeat the date.
... delivers an introduction to the study of women through feminism, social constructs and relationships (Reading Women's Lives, 1997).
Note: If you use a narrative citation the first time, followed by another narrative citation, you can omit the date. But, if you use a parenthetical citation the next time, you must include the date.
Use sentence case , i.e. only capitalise the first word of the title, the first word of a subtitle or the first word after a colon, and proper nouns.
Reading women's lives: An introduction to women's studies. (1997). Simon & Schuster Custom.
If there is no date provided, use n.d. (for 'no date') where you'd normally put the date.
… the evolution of the species has evolved from a mutual forebear (Darwin, n.d.).
Note: If you use a parenthetical citation the first time, followed by a narrative citation, you need to repeat the date.
Darwin (n.d.) used the Tree of Life to illustrate that all species on Earth are from a common ancestor.
Note: If you use a narrative citation the first time, followed by another narrative citation, you can omit the date. But, if you use a parenthetical citation the next time, you must include the date.
Where the publication date is not known, use n.d. for no date.
Darwin, C. R. (n.d.) Evolution of the species. Blackwell Books.