This section covers things to be aware of in the way of author variations.
If you are using both references by the same author within the same reference (brackets), name the author only once and list the publication dates chronologically.
... was found to be the case (Clarkson, 2006, 2007).
Clarkson (2006, 2007) found that exertional ...
Different works by the same author are listed in chronological (date) order.
Clarkson, P. M. (2006). Case report of exertional rhabdomyolysis in a 12-year-old boy. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 38(2), 197-200.
Clarkson, P. M. (2007). Exertional rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure in marathon runners. Sports Medicine, 37(4-5), 361-363.
Clarkson, P. M. (2011). Another great year in the making. Exercise & Sport Sciences Reviews, 39(1), 1.
If you are using both references by the same author within the same reference (brackets), name the author only once and list the publication dates chronologically.
.. a health information strategy is needed for all New Zealanders (Ministry of Health, 2003, 2007b, 2008c).
Ministry of Health (2003, 2007b, 2008c) stated that the health of New Zealanders ...
If several works have the same date, as well as the same author, works are distinguished by suffixes a, b, c, etc. These are allocated in the reference list where they are ordered alphabetically by title.
Ministry of Health. (2003). Child health information strategy .
Ministry of Health. (2007a). New Zealand smoking cessation guidelines.
Ministry of Health. (2007b). Wha¯nau ora health impact assessment.
Ministry of Health. (2008a). The B4 school check: A handbook for practitioners.
Ministry of Health. (2008b). Pacific cultural competencies: A literature review. https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/pacific-cultural-competencies-literature-review
Ministry of Health. (2008c). A portrait of health: Key results of the 2006/07 New Zealand health survey.
Note: When the author is also the publisher, omit the publisher details.
If the first author has the same surname (last name) but has different initials, include the first author's initials in all in-text citations, even if the year of publication differs. Do not include initials for second or subsequent authors in in-text citations.
... getting results from the team (B. Robertson & Osborne, 1984; I. Robertson, 1980).
... achieving success in rugby (I. Robertson, 1980).
B. Robertson and Obsorne (1984) discussed coaching techniques ...
I. Robertson (1980) described the best way to ...
In the reference list, list alphabetically by the initial of the first author.
Robertson, B., & Osborne, B. (1984). Rugby coaching the New Zealand way. Hutchinson.
Robertson, I. (1980). Success in rugby. John Murray.
Woods, C. T., & Robertson, S. (2022). Is playing at home really an advantage? In M. Gomez-Ruano, R. Pollard, C. Lago-Penas (Eds.), Home advantage in sport (pp. 194–203). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003081456-21
... (B. Robertson & Osborne, 1984).
... (I. Robertson, 1980).
... (Woods & Robertson, 2022).
Note: In the parenthetical citations example above, although all three examples have an author named Robertson, only B. Robertson and I. Robertson are cited with initials in the text because the other Robertson is not the first author.
For a work that has three or more authors, cite only the first author followed by et al. However, if multiple works shorten to the same in-text form, e.g. (Bloomfield, et al., 2003), avoid ambiguity by including as many authors as needed until there is a difference.
... the effect of undernourished pregnant ewes (Bloomfield, Oliver, Giannoulias, et al., 2003).
... preterm birth can be affected by nutrition at the time of conception (Bloomfield, Oliver, Hawkins, et al., 2003).
Bloomfield, Oliver, Giannoulias, et al. (2003) discussed undernutrition in late-gestation sheep.
Bloomfield, Oliver, Hawkins, et al. (2003) found that nutrition at the time of conception can impact ...
In the reference list, list by the first author; after which, the order is determined by the next author who is different, e.g. Bloomfield, Oliver, Giannoulias, would go before Bloomfield, Oliver, Hawkins.
Bloomfield, F. H., Oliver, M. H., Giannoulias, C. D., Gluckman, P. D., Harding, J. E., & Challis, J. R. (2003, Jul). Brief undernutrition in late-gestation sheep programs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in adult offspring. Endocrinology, 144(7), 2933-2940. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-0189
Bloomfield, F. H., Oliver, M. H., Hawkins, P., Campbell, M., Phillips, D. J., Gluckman, P. D., Challis, J. R., & Harding, J. E. (2003, Apr 25). A periconceptional nutritional origin for noninfectious preterm birth. Science, 300(5619), 606. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1080803
For a work that has three or more authors, cite only the first author followed by et al. However, if multiple works shorten to the same in-text form, e.g. (Bloomfield, et al., 2003), avoid ambiguity by including as many authors as needed until there is a difference. But, if the use of et al. leaves only one surname, then include all the authors, as et al. means "and others". For example, (Clarkson, Kroll, Wai, et al., 1981) is incorrect, as there is only one author after Wai.
... composition of fibre (Clarkson, Kroll, & Melchionda, 1981).
... looked at isometric strength (Clarkson, Kroll, Wai & Kamen, 1981).
... athletes isometric strength (Clarkson, Kroll, Wai, & McBride, 1981).
Clarkson, Kroll, and Melchionda (1981) compared the rate of ...
Clarkson, Kroll, Wai and Kamen (1981) compared the measurement of fat cells ...
Clarkson, Kroll, Wai and McBride (1981) discussed athletes' strength ...
Clarkson, P. M., Kroll, W., & Melchionda, A. M. (1981). Age, isometric strength, rate of tension development and fiber type composition. Journal of Gerontology, 36(6), 648-653.
Clarkson, P. M., Kroll, W., Wai, J., & Kamen, G. (1981). A comparison of four methods to measure fat cell size. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 34(10), 2287-2290.
Clarkson, P. M., Kroll, W., Wai, J., & McBride, T. C. (1981). Maximal isometric strength and fiber type composition in endurance athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 44, 35-42.