Add a superscript number in your text to show when you are using another person's ideas or words.
... as described by Cowan, this has only recently been identified.1
The footnote contains information about the source you are citing, include the page number/s of the page/paragraph within the item you are referring to. When citing the same source again, use the shorter footnote formats.
Footnote numbering: Footnotes are placed in numerical order at the bottom of the page. On a new page, footnote numbering continues. In a new chapter, footnote numbering starts from 1.
Report title: The Title of Report is in italics and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word).
For more information on reference list format and style, see General information - basics of referencing.
Footnote number. Author First Name Last Name, Title of Report (Report number or additional information if supplied, Place of Publication: Publishers, Year of Publication), page number/s.
1. Marion Beedle, Communities of Support (2010-2015 Report, Wellington: Ministry of Internal Affairs, 2010), 50.
2. Lucy Claire Smith, Improving Outcomes in Early Childhood Education (Draft Report, Melbourne: Cengage Learning, 2012), 20.
Use author's last name only, followed by et al. If the report title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Author Last Name, Title of Report, page number/s.
Examples
1. Smith, Improving Outcomes in Early Childhood Education, 53.
2. Beedle, Communities of Support, 22.
Referring to the immediately preceding reference
3. Beedle, 25.
List authors in the order in which they appear in the source.
Footnote number. Author One First Name Last Name, Author Two First Name Last Name, and Author Three First Name Last Name, Title of Report (Report number or additional information if supplied, Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number/s.
1. Bill Hollis, and Lucy Wang, A Snapshot of Global Dissent (Third Quarter Report, New York: World Health Organization, 2013), 100.
2. Tom M. Perry, Alice Lehman, and Edith Mullins, Adolescent Crime Statistics (Auckland: Law Society, 2018), 12.
Use authors' last names only, followed by et al. If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Author One, Author Two, and Author Three, Title of Report, page number/s.
1. Hollis and Wang, A Snapshot of Global Dissent, 103.
2. Perry, Lehman, and Mullins, Adolescent Crime Statistics, 16.
Referring to the immediately preceding reference
3. Perry, Lehman, and Mullins, 18.
List the first author only followed by et al.
Footnote number. Author One First Name Last Name et al., Title of Report (Report number or additional information if supplied, Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number/s.
1. Neville Osborne et al., Prison Populations: A Statistical Analysis (London: Williams & Hamill, [2000?]), 69.
2. Alfred Melrose et al., Media Outlets in New Zealand (Draft Report. Dunedin: Sotheby Press, 2001), 60.
Use first author's last name only, followed by et al. If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Author One, Author Two, and Author Three, Title of report, page number/s.
Examples
1. Osborne et al., Prison Populations, 104.
2. Melrose et al., Media Outlets, 68.
Referring to the immediately preceding reference
3. Melrose et al., 68.
Include any introductory articles in the organisation name, e.g. ‘A’, ‘The’, or ‘An’.
Footnote number. Organisation Name, Title of Report (Report number or additional information if supplied, Place of Publication: Publishers, Year of Publication), page number/s.
1. The University of Auckland, Teaching and Learning Outcomes (Draft Report, Melbourne: Cengage Learning, 2012), 50.
2. World Health Organization, Targeted Health Outcomes (First Quarter Report, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2017), 235.
Use Organisation name. If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Organisation Name, Title of Report, page number/s.
Examples
1. The University of Auckland, Teaching and Learning Objectives, 52.
2. World Health Organization, Targeted Health Outcomes, 243.
Referring to the immediately preceding reference
3. World Health Organization, 245.
Include any introductory articles in the title, e.g. ‘A’, ‘The’, or ‘An’.
Footnote number. Title of Report (Report number or additional information if supplied, Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number/s.
1. Art and the Public (2015 Report, London: Webster Press, 1996), 50.
If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Title of report, page number/s.
Examples
1. Art and the Public, 82.
Referring to the immediately preceding reference
2. Art and the Public, 82.
When footnote references to the same source follow each other, with no other references in between, use the shorter footnote form:
1. Archer, "Crisis and Change," 37.
2. Archer, 40.
3. Archer, 40.
4. Wall, Truth and Meaning, 324.
5. Archer, "Crisis and Change," 43.
Note: Chicago 17th edition discourages the use of 'ibid.' in favour of this shorter format.
Report title: The Report Title is in italics and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word).
For more information on reference list format and style, see General information - basics of referencing.
Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Report. Report number or additional information if supplied. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. URL.
Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Report. Report number or additional information if supplied. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Beedle, Marion. Communities of Support. 2010-2015 Report. Wellington: Ministry of Internal Affairs, 2010. http://www.mia.govt.nz/communities-of-support/2010-2015-report.
Smith, Lucy Claire. Improving Outcomes in Early Childhood Education. Draft Report. Melbourne: Cengage Learning, 2012.
Reverse the order of the first author's name only (i.e. Last name, First name).
Author One Last Name, First Name, Author Two First Name Last Name, and Author Three First Name Last Name. Title of Report. Report number or additional information if supplied. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Author One Last Name, First Name, Author Two First Name Last Name, and Author Three First Name Last Name. Title of Report. Report number or additional information if supplied. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Perry, Tom M., Alice Lehman, and Edith Mullins. Adolescent Crime Statistics. Auckland: Law Society, 2018. https://law-society-nz/crime-stats/2018.
Hollis, Bill, and Lucy Wang. A Snapshot of Global Dissent. Third Quarter Report. New York: World Health Organization, 2013.
Reverse the order of the first author's name only (i.e. Last name, First name).
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, Author Eight, Author Nine, and Author Ten. Title of Report. Report number or additional information if supplied. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, Author Eight, Author Nine, and Author Ten. Title of Report. Report number or additional information if supplied. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Osborne, Neville, Jason Hung, Mary Stowe, Richard MacLeod, Jennifer Milton, Sam J. Hemmes, Siva Hallier, and Harry Dickson. Prison Populations: A Statistical Analysis. London: Williams & Hamill. [2000?]. https://www.williams-hamill/statistics/documents/prison-populations.pdf.
Robertson, Hugh, Esme Gates, Andrew Hawkins, Peter K. Herd, and Sujatha Conlon. Current Trends in New Zealand Teaching. Draft Report. Wellington: Ministry of Education, 1997.
List the first seven authors only, followed by 'et al'. Reverse the order of the first author's name only (i.e. Last name, First name).
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, et al. Title of Report. Report number or additional information if supplied. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, et al. Title of Report. Report number or additional information if supplied. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Randall, Paula, Trevor Knell, Nicky Smallman, Robyn Venning, Diane Park, John Perkins, Henry S. Rodgers, et al. Statistical Analysis of the Arts in New Zealand. Christchurch: Art Collective, 2004. https://artcollectivepress/reports/statistical-analysis
Melrose, Alfred, Charlene Watson, Renee de Cleine, Lara P. Alden, Louise Doughty, Michael O'Brien, Sharon Yew, et al. Media Outlets in New Zealand. Draft Report. Dunedin: Sotheby Press, 2001.
Where the organisation is both author and publisher, include the organisation name in both places.
Include any introductory articles in the organisation name, e.g., ‘A’, ‘The’, or ‘An’. Ignore introductory articles when alphabetically ordering the bibliography.
Organisation Name. Title of Report. Report number or additional information if supplied. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Organisation Name. Title of Report. Report number or additional information if supplied. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
World Health Organization. Targeted Health Outcomes. First Quarter Report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2017. http://who.org/reports/targeted-health.
The University of Auckland. Teaching and Learning Outcomes. Amended Report. Auckland: Auckland University Press, 1998.
Include any introductory articles in the title, e.g. ‘A’, ‘The’, or ‘An’. Ignore introductory articles when alphabetically ordering the bibliography.
Title of Report. Report number or additional information if supplied. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Title of Report. Report number or additional information if supplied. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Global Urban Development. Report 0-3. New York: Allen & Peters Publishing, 2014. http://allen-peters/global-urban-dev/report.
Art and the Public. 2015 Report. London: Webster Press, 1996.