Add a superscript number in your text to show when you are using another person's ideas or words.
... as described by Cowan, this has only recently been identified.1
The footnote citation contains information about the source you are citing. After the footnote citation, you need to include the page number/s of the page/paragraph within the item you are referring to. When citing the same source again, use the shorter footnote format and include the page number/s.
Footnote numbering: Footnotes are placed in numerical order at the bottom of the page. On a new page, footnote numbering continues. In a new chapter, footnote numbering starts from 1.
Book chapter title: The "Chapter Title" is in normal font and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word), with quotation marks around it.
Book title: The Title of Book is in italics and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word).
For more information on reference list format and style, see General information - basics of referencing.
Footnote number. Author First Name Last Name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publishers, Year of Publication), page number/s.
1. Christine Bellamy, Critical Research in Education (Auckland: Penguin Books, 1999), 200.
2. Eric J. Russell, In Command of Guardians: Executive Servant Leadership for the Community of Responders (Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2019), 30.
3. Marcus Turner, Fundamental Questions in Literature (New York: Routledge, 2016), 120.
Use the author's last name only. If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Author Last Name, Title of book, page number/s.
Examples
1. Bellamy, Critical Research in Education, 238.
2. Russell, In Command of Guardians, 41.
3. Turner, Fundamental Questions in Literature, 155.
Referring to the immediately preceding reference
4. Turner, 156.
List authors in the order in which they appear in the source.
Footnote number. Author One First Name Last Name, Author Two First Name Last Name, and Author Three First Name Last Name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number/s.
1. Margaret Chan, and Tom Kemp, Anthropological Perspectives on Performance (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 50.
2. Annette McArthur, Marie Goode, and Ian Henare. Visual Sites of Resistance (Dunedin: Otago University Press, 2013), 300.
3. Max Mojapelo, and Sello Galane. Beyond Memory Recording the History, Moments and Memories of South African Music (Somerset West, South Africa: African Minds, 2008), 38.
Use the authors' last names only. If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Author One, Author Two, and Author Three, Title of Book, page number/s.
1. Chan and Kemp, Anthropological Perspectives on Performance, 62.
2. McArthur, Goode, and Henare, Visual Sites of Resistance, 307.
3. Mojapelo and Galane, Beyond Memory Recording, 48.
Referring to the immediately preceding reference
4. Mojapelo and Galane, 60.
List the first author only, followed by et al.
Footnote number. Author One First Name Last Name et al., Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number/s.
1. Simon Jenson et al., Technoculture Analysis (London: Thames & Hudson, 2001), 20.
2. Warren Austin et al., Gender and Literature (New York: Routledge, 2016), 35.
3. Maanak Gupta et al., Access Control Models and Architectures for IoT and Cyber Physical Systems (Cham, CH: Springer, 2022), 25.
Use first author's last name only, followed by et al. If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Author One et al., Title of book, page number/s.
Examples
1. Jenson et al., Technoculture Analysis, 25.
2. Austin et al., Gender and Literature, 39.
3. Gupta et al., Access Control Models, 56.
Referring to the immediately preceding reference
4. Gupta et al., 60.
Include any introductory articles in the organisation name, e.g. ‘A’, ‘The’, or ‘An’.
Footnote number. Organisation Name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publishers, Year of Publication), page number/s.
1. International Organization for Migration, Children on the Move (Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Migration), 2013, 23.
2. World Health Organization, Promoting Health in an Urban Framework (Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization), 2014, 36.
3. Wise Group, Working Well From Home (Wellington: Blueprint for Learning, 2020), 28.
Use Organisation name. If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Organisation Name, Title of Book, page number/s.
Examples
1. International Organization for Migration, Children on the Move, 36.
2. World Health Organization, Promoting Health, 41.
3. Wise Group. Working Well From Home, 34.
Referring to the immediately preceding reference
4. Wise Group, 34.
Include any introductory articles in the title, e.g. ‘A’, ‘The’, or ‘An’.
Footnote number. Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number/s.
1. An Illustrated Dictionary of Signs and Symbols (New York: Macmillan, 2006), 34.
2. Principles of Science Fantasy (Amsterdam: Black Books, 2001), 66.
3. Symbols, Why We Decode (London: Penguin Books, 1995), 136.
If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Title of book, page number/s.
Examples
1. Illustrated Dictionary of Signs, 43.
2. Principles of Science Fantasy, 77.
3. Symbols, Why We Decode, 206.
Note: This should not be confused with referencing a chapter/section from an edited book.
Footnote number. Editor First Name Last Name, ed., Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number/s.
1. Nathan Harrington, ed., Language Teaching (Sydney: Graywolf Press, 2001), 37.
2. Jonathan Edgar, ed., The Best New Zealand Short Stories (Wellington: Greymouth Press, 2022), 35.
3. Amy Smith and Bridget Brown, eds., Sustainability in Practice (Vancouver: Northwoods Press, 2026), 5.
Use the authors' last names only. If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Editor(s) Last Name, Title of book, page number/s.
Examples
1. Harrington, Language Teaching, 370.
2. Edgar, New Zealand Short Stories, 65.
3. Smith and Brown, Sustainability in Practice, 15.
Include any introductory articles in the title, e.g. ‘A’, ‘The’, or ‘An’.
Footnote number. Author First Name Last Name, "Chapter Title," in Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number/s.
1. Geoffrey Atkinson, "Inclusive Education for Reflective Practice," in Special Needs in Education (Melbourne: Pearson, 2012), 37.
2. Ian Stewart and Jack Cohen, “The Origins of Life,” in Figments of Reality: The Evolution of the Curious Mind (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 22.
3. Gillian Healy et al., "Analytical Methods of Sound and Style," in Musicology for Beginners (London: Southwoods Press, 2016), 360-361.
Use the authors' last names only. If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Author's Last Name, "Chapter Title," page number/s.
Examples
1. Atkinson, "Inclusive Education," 71.
2. Stewart and Cohen, "The Origins of Life," 30.
3. Healy et al., "Analytical Methods of Sound," 372.
Include any introductory articles in the title, e.g. ‘A’, ‘The’, or ‘An’.
Footnote number. Chapter Author's First Name Last Name, "Chapter Title," in Title of Book, ed. Editor's First Name Last Name (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number/s.
1. Amelia Holmes, "Intercultural Communication," in Communication and World Literature , ed. Robyn Minto (Sydney: Pearson, 2011), 78.
2. Robyn Trinick and Luama Sauni, "Sāsā: More Than Just a Dance," in Intersecting Cultures in Music and Dance Education: An Oceanic Perspective, eds. Linda Ashley, and David Lines (Cham, CH: Springer, 2016), 60.
3. Steven O'Connor et al., "New Zealand Colonial History Revisted," in Settlers and Empire: Making New Zealand, ed. Victor K. Tamati (Wellington: Awa Press, 2015), 155-56.
Use the authors' last names only. If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Chapter Author's Last Name, "Chapter Title," page number/s.
Examples
1. Holmes, "Intercultural Communication," 84.
2. Trinick and Sauni, "Sāsā," 65.
3. O'Connor et al., "New Zealand Colonial History," 173.
When referencing a chapter from a particular volume, where there are multiple volumes in a series, each with individual titles, use the following format.
Footnote number. Chapter Author(s) First Name Last Name, “Chapter Title,” in Title of That Volume, Vol. number, Book Series Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number/s.
1. Colette Cauvin, Francisco Bescobard, and Aziz Serradj, “Cartographic Design,” in Thematic Cartography and Transformations, Vol. 2, Thematic Cartography (London: John Wiley & Sons, 2010), 390.
Use the authors' last names only. If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Chapter Author's Last Name, "Chapter Title," page number/s.
1. Cauvin, Escobar, and Serradj, “Cartographic Design,” 395.
Footnote number. Chapter Author(s) First Name Last Name, “Chapter Title,” in Title of That Volume, Vol. number, ed. Editor(s) First Name Last Name, vol. number, Book Series Title, ed. Editor(s) of Series First Name Last Name (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number/s.
1. Raewyn Dalziel, “Southern Islands: New Zealand and Polynesia,” in The Nineteenth Century, ed. Andrew Porter, vol. III, The Oxford History of the British Empire, ed. Roger Louis (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 574.
Use the authors' last names only. If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Chapter Author's Last Name, "Chapter Title," page number/s.
1. Dalziel, “Southern Islands,” 580.
When footnote references to the same source follow each other, with no other references in between, use the shorter footnote form:
1. Archer, "Crisis and Change," 37.
2. Archer, 40.
3. Archer, 40.
4. Wall, Truth and Meaning , 324.
5. Archer, "Crisis and Change," 43.
Note: Chicago 17th edition discourages the use of 'ibid.' in favour of this shorter format.
Book title: The Book Title is in italics and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word).
For more information on reference list format and style, see General information - basics of referencing.
Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Name of Database.
Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Russell, Eric. J. In Command of Guardians: Executive Servant Leadership for the Community of Responders. 2nd ed. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12493-9.
Tin, Tan Bee. Unpacking Creativity for Language Teaching. London: Routledge, 2022. EBSCOhost.
Wheeler, Michael. Heaven, Hell, and the Victorians. Abridged ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Reverse the order of the first author's name only (i.e. Last name, First name).
Author One Last Name, First Name, Author Two First Name Last Name, and Author Three First Name Last Name. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Author One Last Name, First Name, Author Two First Name Last Name, and Author Three First Name Last Name. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Name of Database.
Author One Last Name, First Name, Author Two First Name Last Name, and Author Three First Name Last Name. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
McArthur, Annette, Marie Goode, and Ian Henare. Visual Sites of Resistance. Dunedin: Otago University Press, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1323/acprof:oso/8720189223639.001.0006.
Mojapelo, Max, and Sello Galane. Beyond Memory Recording the History, Moments and Memories of South African Music. Somerset West, South Africa: African Minds, 2008. Project MUSE.
Neveu Kringelbach, Hélène, and Jonathan Skinner. Dancing Cultures: Globalization, Tourism and Identity in the Anthropology of Dance. New York: Berghahn Books, 2012.
Reverse the order of the first author's name only (i.e. Last name, First name).
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, Author Eight, Author Nine, and Author Ten. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, Author Eight, Author Nine, and Author Ten. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Name of Database.
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, Author Eight, Author Nine, and Author Ten. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Austin, Warren, Julia Miller, Tatiana Barton, Phillip Yang, Vivian An, Ian Tindall, Colin T. Robertson, and Neil Gardener. Gender and Literature. New York: Routledge, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1323/acprof:oso/8720189223639.001.0006.
Gupta, Maanak, Smriti Bhatt, Asma Hassan Alshehri, and Ravi Sandhu. Access Control Models and Architectures for IoT and Cyber Physical Systems. Cham, CH: Springer, 2022. Springer EBA.
Jenson, Simon, Eric K. Hanson, Jessica Bashiri, Joanna Harper, and Sam Morland. Technoculture Analysis. 2nd ed. London: Thames & Hudson, 2001.
List only the first seven authors, followed by 'et al'. Reverse the order of the first author's name only (i.e., Last name, First name).
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, et al. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, et al. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Name of Database.
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, et al. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Seymour, Leslie, Deanna Anderson, Michael Han, Kathleen Reid, Warren P. Chambers, Kavita Mitchell, Benjamin Park, et al. Politics of the Public Sphere. New York: Routledge, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1323/acprof:oso/9720189213639.001.0002.
Wilson, Stu, Dane Coles, Dan Carter, Michael Hooper, Gavin Hastings, Michael Jones, Sid Going, et al. Architectural Structures: Viewed in the New Zealand Setting. Auckland: University Press, 2020. EBSCO eBook Collection.
Zwi, Maria L., Bruce Addis, Cynthia Holden, Nuala Bishop, Patrick Tong, Rita Shortridge, Maria L. Ritchie, et al. Media in New Zealand. 4th ed. Christchurch: Baker & Bennett, 1998.
Include any introductory articles in the organisation name, e.g. ‘A’, ‘The’, or ‘An’. Ignore introductory articles when alphabetically ordering the bibliography.
Organisation Name. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Organisation Name. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Name of Database.
Organisation Name. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
International Organization for Migration. Children on the Move. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Migration, 2013. https://doi.org/10.18356/0b31e5d5-en.
Wise Group. Working Well From Home. Wellington: Blueprint for Learning, 2020. NDHA Books.
World Health Organization. Promoting Health in an Urban Framework. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2014.
Include any introductory articles in the title, e.g. ‘A’, ‘The’, or ‘An’. Ignore introductory articles when alphabetically ordering the bibliography.
Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Name of Database.
Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
An Illustrated Dictionary of Signs and Symbols. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan, 2006. https://doi.org/10.123.sci456.2020.
Principles of Science Fantasy. Amsterdam: Black Books, 2001. ProQuest ebrary.
Symbols, Why we Decode. Rev. ed. London: Penguin Books, 1995.
Follow the editor/s name with 'ed.' or 'eds.'.
Editor Last Name, First Name, ed. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Editor Last Name, First Name, ed. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Name of Database.
Editor Last Name, First Name, ed. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Edgar, Jonathan, ed. The Best New Zealand Short Stories. Wellington: Greymouth Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.123.ss67nz.234x.
Smith, Amy and Bridget Brown, eds. Sustainability in Practice. Vancouver: Northwoods Press, 2006. ProQuest ebrary.
Wyatt-Brown, Anne M, and Janice Rossen, eds. Aging and Gender in Literature: Studies in Creativity. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993.
Reverse the order of the first author's name only (i.e. Last name, First name).
Author's Last Name, First Name. "Chapter Title." In Title of Book, page number range. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Author's Last Name, First Name. "Chapter Title." In Title of Book, page number range. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Author's Last Name, First Name. "Chapter Title." In Title of Book, page number range. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Draucker, Shannon. "Dangerous Vibrations: Musical Rape in George Eliot and Thomas Hardy." In Sounding Bodies: Acoustical Science and Musical Erotics in Victorian Literature, 101-126. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2024. https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/book.125647.
Healy, Gillian, Sam Smith, Andy Gibb, and Tom Jones. "Analytical Methods of Sound and Style." In Musicology for Beginners, 351-385. London: Southwoods Press, 2016. ProQuest ebrary.
Stewart, Ian, and Jack Cohen. “The Origins of Life.” In Figments of Reality: The Evolution of the Curious Mind, 5–32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Reverse the order of the first author's name only (i.e. Last name, First name).
Chapter Author's Last Name, First Name. "Chapter Title." In Title of Book, edited by Editor's First Name Last Name, page number range. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Chapter Author's Last Name, First Name. "Chapter Title." In Title of Book, edited by Editor's First Name Last Name, page number range. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Name of Database.
Chapter Author's Last Name, First Name. "Chapter Title." In Title of Book, edited by Editor's First Name Last Name, page number range. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Hertzog, Nancy B. "Young, Curious, and Resilient: The Population of Early Learners." In Identifying and Serving Diverse Gifted Learners: Meeting the Needs of Special Populations in Gifted Education, edited by Jaime A. Castellano, & Kimberley L. Chandler, 201-216. New York: Routledge, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003265412-16.
O'Connor, Steven, Michael Owen, Sara Clarke, and Bill Robinson. "New Zealand Colonial History Revisted." In Settlers and Empire: Making New Zealand, edited by Victor K. Tamati, 151-80. Wellington: Awa Press, 2015. ProQuest ebrary.
Trinick, Robyn, and Luama Sauni. "Sāsā: More Than Just a Dance." In Intersecting Cultures in Music and Dance Education: An Oceanic Perspective, edited by Linda Ashley, and David Lines, 49-65. Cham, CH: Springer, 2016.
When referencing a chapter from a particular volume, where there are multiple volumes in a series, each with individual titles, use the following format.
Chapter Author's Last Name, First Name. “Chapter Title.” In Title of That Volume, page number range. Vol. number, bk. number of Book Series Title, edited by Book Series Editor First Name Last Name. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Cauvin, Colette, Francisco Escobar, and Aziz Serradj. “Cartographic Design”. In Thematic Cartography and Transformations, 371-96. Vol. 2, bk. 1, of Thematic Cartography. London: John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
Chapter Author's Last Name, First Name. “Chapter Title.” In Title of That Volume, edited by Editor(s) First Name Last Name, page number range. Vol. number of Book Series Title, edited by Book Series Editor(s) First Name Last Name. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Dalziel, Raewyn. “Southern Islands: New Zealand and Polynesia”. In The Nineteenth Century, edited by Andrew Porter, 573-596. Vol. III of The Oxford History of the British Empire, edited by Roger Louis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.