Add a superscript number in your text to show when you are using another person's ideas or words.
... as described by Cowan, this has only recently been identified.1
The footnote contains information about the source you are citing, include the page number/s of the page/paragraph within the item you are referring to. When citing the same source again, use the shorter footnote formats.
Footnote numbering: Footnotes are placed in numerical order at the bottom of the page. On a new page, footnote numbering continues. In a new chapter, footnote numbering starts from 1.
Article title: The "Article Title" is in normal font and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word), with quotation marks around it.
Magazine title: The Magazine Title is in italics and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word). Magazine titles should be given in full, omitting the initial 'The' (e.g., use Listener, not The Listener).
Date of publication: Magazines are usually cited with month, day, and year.
Page number: Only add for print magazines or for online articles where there are consecutive numbers.
For more information on reference list format and style, see General information - basics of referencing.
Footnote number. Author First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication, URL.
Footnote number. Author First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication, Page number, Name of Database.
Footnote number. Author First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication, Page number.
1. Renee Karena, "Sticking With My Language," E-Tangata, April 20, 2025, https://e-tangata.co.nz/reo/sticking-with-my-language-journey/.
2. Alison Robertson, “Workplace Language Matters,” Connecting Cultures, Winter 2010, 12, Index New Zealand.
3. Jeremy Rose, "Doctor in the House," North and South, May 2024, 23.
Use author's last name only. If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Author Last Name, "Title of Article," page number/s.
Examples
1. Karena, "Sticking With My Language."
2. Robertson, “Workplace Language Matters," 15.
3. Rose, "Doctor in the House," 24.
Referring to the immediately preceding reference
4. Rose, 23.
List authors in the order in which they appear in the source.
Footnote number. Author One First Name Last Name, Author Two First Name Last Name, and Author Three First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication, URL.
Footnote number. Author One First Name Last Name, Author Two First Name Last Name, and Author Three First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication, Page number, Name of Database.
Footnote number. Author One First Name Last Name, Author Two First Name Last Name, and Author Three First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication, Page number.
1. Susan Healy, Tim McCrenor, and Ray Nairn, "Hobson's actual pledges," E-Tangata, December 8, 2024, https://e-tangata.co.nz/history/hobsons-actual-pledges/.
2. Jacqui Gibson, and Brad Boniface, “Love Language,” Heritage New Zealand, Autumn 2023, 54, Index New Zealand.
3. Lorraine Wilson, and Craig Kapitan. "Global Connections: International Artists From Around the World Flock to Glasgow's World Famous Celtic Festival," Scots Magazine, January 2014, 22.
Use authors' last names only. If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Author One, Author Two, and Author Three, "Title of Article."
Examples
1. Healy, McCrenor, and Nairn, "Hobson's actual pledges."
2. Gibson, and Boniface, “Love Language,” 55.
3. Wilson, and Kapitan, "Global Connections," 22.
Referring to the immediately preceding reference
4. Wilson, and Kapitan, 22.
List the first author only, followed by et al.
Footnote number. Author One First Name Last Name, et al., "Title of Article," Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication, URL.
Footnote number. Author One First Name Last Name, et al., "Title of Article," Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication, Page number, Name of database.
Footnote number. Author One First Name Last Name, et al., "Title of Article," Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication, Page number.
1. Amber Baker, et al., "Those Who Dared to Dream," Remix Magazine, August 26, 2024, https://www.remixmagazine.com/new-issue/inside-the-remix-spring-dreamers-edition-with-isabelle-mathers/.
2. Nicholas Butler, et al., “Strong Language,” North and South, February, 2015, 66, Index New Zealand.
3. Louis Trerise, et al., "Pocket-Sized Prize," Heritage New Zealand, Autumn 2017, 24.
Use first author's last name only followed by et al. If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Author One Last Name et al., "Title of Article."
Examples
1. Baker, et al., "Those Who Dared to Dream."
2. Butler, et al., “Strong Language," 69.
3. Trerise, et al., "Pocket-Sized Prize," 27.
Referring to the immediately preceding reference
4. Trerise, et al., 27.
Include any introductory articles in the organisation name, e.g. ‘A’, ‘The’, or ‘An’.
Footnote number. Organisation Name, "Title of Article," Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication, URL.
Footnote number. Organisation Name, "Title of Article," Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication, Name of Database.
Footnote number. Organisation Name, "Title of Article," Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication, Page number.
1. CELA, "Optimising Job Interviews to Find the Best Candidates for Your Service," Rattler (Sydney), April 1, 2024, https://www.cela.org.au/rattler-magazine/rattler-issue-145-apr-2024/.
2. Victorian Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation, "Winda-Mara Aboriginal Corporation: Helping Community Members Find a Place to Call Home," Parity, September 2016, Informit.
3. Wairoa Museum, "Our Daily Bread: The Story of the Osler Family of Wairoa," New Zealand Memories, April 17, 2025, 46.
Use Organisation name. If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Organisation Name, "Title of Article."
Examples
1. CELA, "Optimising Job Interviews."
2. Victorian Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation, "Winda-Mara Aboriginal Corporation."
3. Wairoa Museum, "Our Daily Bread," 50.
Referring to the immediately preceding reference
4. Wairoa Museum, 50.
Include any introductory articles in the title, e.g. ‘A’, ‘The’, or ‘An’.
Footnote number. "Title of Article," Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication, URL.
Footnote number. "Title of Article," Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication, Page number, Name of database.
Footnote number. "Title of Article," Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication, Page number.
1. "Chihuly in the Botanic Garden," Art News Aotearoa, March 29, 2025, https://artnews.co.nz/32534-2/.
2. "A Dying Language," Iwi o Aotearoa, November 1990, 22, Index New Zealand.
3. “Wives of Windsor,” Woman, June 7, 2021, 9.
If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. "Title of Article."
Examples
1. "Chihuly in the Botanic Garden."
2. "A Dying Language," 22.
3. “Wives of Windsor," 15.
Referring to the immediately preceding reference
4. “Wives of Windsor," 15.
When footnote references to the same source follow each other, with no other references in between, use the shorter footnote form:
1. Archer, "Crisis and Change," 37.
2. Archer, 40.
3. Archer, 40.
4. Wall, Truth and Meaning, 324.
5. Archer, "Crisis and Change," 43.
Note: Chicago 17th edition discourages the use of 'ibid.' in favour of this shorter format.
Article title: The "Article Title" is in normal font and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word), with quotation marks around it.
Magazine title: The Magazine Title is in italics and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word). The magazine title should be given in full, omitting the initial 'The' (e.g. use Listener, not The Listener).
Date of publication: Magazines are usually cited with month, day, and year.
Page numbers: Omit the page number range, if any, from the bibliography.
For more information on reference list format and style, see General information - basics of referencing.
Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication. URL.
Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication. Name of Database.
Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication.
Karena, Renee. "Sticking With My Language." E-Tangata, April 20, 2025. https://e-tangata.co.nz/reo/sticking-with-my-language-journey/.
Robertson, Alison. “Workplace Language Matters.” Connecting Cultures, Winter 2010. Index New Zealand.
Rose, Jeremy. "Doctor in the House." North and South, May 2024.
Reverse the order of the first author's name only (i.e. Last name, First name).
Author One Last Name, First Name, Author Two First Name Last Name, and Author Three First Name Last Name. "Title of Article." Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication. URL.
Author One Last Name, First Name, Author Two First Name Last Name, and Author Three First Name Last Name. "Title of Article." Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication. Name of Database.
Author One Last Name, First Name, Author Two First Name Last Name, and Author Three First Name Last Name. "Title of Article." Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication.
Healy, Susan, Tim McCrenor, and Ray Nairn. "Hobson's actual pledges." E-Tangata, December 8, 2024. https://e-tangata.co.nz/history/hobsons-actual-pledges/.
Gibson, Jacqui, and Brad Boniface. “Love Language.” Heritage New Zealand, Autumn 2023. Index New Zealand.
Wilson, Lorraine, and Craig Kapitan. "Global Connections: International Artists From Around the World Flock to Glasgow's World Famous Celtic Festival." Scots Magazine, January 2014.
Reverse the order of the first author's name only (i.e. Last name, First name).
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, Author Eight, Author Nine, and Author Ten. "Title of Article." Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication. URL.
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, Author Eight, Author Nine, and Author Ten. "Title of Article." Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication. Name of Database.
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, Author Eight, Author Nine, and Author Ten. "Title of Article." Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication.
Baker, Amber, Isabelle Mather, Sydney Sweeney, Gab Bois, Lorna Jane, Jaimee Lupton, and Emma Lewisham. "Those Who Dared to Dream." Remix Magazine, August 26, 2024. https://www.remixmagazine.com/new-issue/inside-the-remix-spring-dreamers-edition-with-isabelle-mathers/.
Butler, Nicholas, Richard Love, Gail Spence, Henriette Walker, and John Gerritsen. “Strong Language.” North and South, February, 2015. Index New Zealand.
Trerise, Louis, Jeff Bell, Nick van Hulten, and Dave Margetts. "Pocket-Sized Prize." Heritage New Zealand, Autumn 2017.
List only the first seven authors, followed by 'et al.'. Reverse the order of the first author's name only (i.e., Last name, First name).
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, et al. "Title of Article." Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication. URL.
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, et al. "Title of Article." Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication. Name of Database.
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, et al. "Title of Article." Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication.
Coldicutt, Ashleigh, Isabella Manfredi, Billy Mitchell, George Maple, Flex Mami, Karl Lagerfeld, Billy Idol, et al. "Inside Swarovski's Swoon-Worthy Rainbow Paradise Launch." Remix Magazine, November 27, 2017. https://www.remixmagazine.com/fashion/swarovskis-swoon-worthy-rainbow-paradise/.
Hickman, Hugh, Margaret Beumelburg, Randolph Churchill, Don Boswell, Ivan Taylor, Wendy Rhodes, Chris Slater, et al. “The Right Touch.” New Zealand Memories, December/January 2011. Index New Zealand.
Stephenson, Sharon, Natalie Tolhopf, Gilian Hayes, Marijke Timmers, Janelle Brunton-Rennie, Rosemary McLeod, Robyn Malcom, et al. "Nobody's Perfect." Woman, June 7, 2021.
Include any introductory articles in the organisation name, e.g., ‘A’, ‘The’, or ‘An’. Ignore introductory articles when alphabetically ordering the bibliography.
Organisation Name. "Title of Article." Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication. URL.
Organisation Name. "Title of Article." Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication. Name of Database.
Organisation Name. "Title of Article." Magazine Title, Month Day, Year of publication.
CELA. "Optimising Job Interviews to Find the Best Candidates for Your Service." Rattler (Sydney), April 1, 2024. https://www.cela.org.au/rattler-magazine/rattler-issue-145-apr-2024/.
Victorian Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation. "Winda-Mara Aboriginal Corporation: Helping Community Members Find a Place to Call Home." Parity, September 2016. Informit.
Wairoa Museum. "Our Daily Bread: The Story of the Osler Family of Wairoa." New Zealand Memories, April 17, 2025.
For unknown authors, place the Magazine Title in the author's position.
Magazine Title. "Title of Article." Month Day, Year. URL.
Magazine Title. "Title of Article." Month Day, Year. Name of Database.
Magazine Title. "Title of Article." Month Day, Year.
Art News Aotearoa. "Chihuly in the Botanic Garden." March 29, 2025. https://artnews.co.nz/32534-2/.
Iwi o Aotearoa. "A Dying Language." November 1990. Index New Zealand.
Woman, “Wives of Windsor.” June 7, 2021.