Add a superscript number in your text to show when you are using another person's ideas or words.
... as described by Cowan, this has only recently been identified.1
The footnote contains information about the source you are citing, include the page number/s of the page/paragraph within the item you are referring to. When citing the same source again, use the shorter footnote formats.
Footnote numbering: Footnotes are placed in numerical order at the bottom of the page. On a new page, footnote numbering continues. In a new chapter, footnote numbering starts from 1.
Film title: The Film Title is in italics and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word).
For more information on reference list format and style, see General information - basics of referencing.
Footnote number. Title of Work, directed by First name Last name (Original Release Year; Location: Distributor, Video/DVD Release Year), Format.
Footnote number. Title of Work, directed by First name Last name (Original Release Year; Location if available: Streaming Provider, accessed Date. URL.
Footnote number. Title of Work, directed by First name Last name, Original Release Year. Aired Date, on Network; Location if available: Streaming Provider, accessed Date. URL.
1. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, directed by Mike Newell (2005; Neutral Bay, N.S.W.: Warner Home Video, 2009), DVD.
2. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, directed by Mike Newell (2005; Burbank, CA: Warner Bros.), Netflix, https://www.netflix.com/nz/harrypotter_goblet_5123.
3. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, directed by Mike Newell, 2005, aired January 20, 2016, on TVNZ; University of Auckland TV and Radio Service, accessed May 20, 2018, https://www.library.auckland.ac.nz/tv-radio/title/VL_03871_03.
Use director's last name only. If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Director Last Name, Title of Film.
Examples
1. Newell, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.
Footnote number. Director Last name, First name, dir. Title of Series. Season number, episode number, "Episode Title." Original Air Date if Known, on Network if Known; Location: Distributor, Video/DVD Release Year. Format.
Footnote number. Director Last Name, First Name, dir. Title of Series. Season number, episode number, "Episode Title." Original Air Date if Known, on Network if Known; Location if Known: Streaming Provider, accessed Date. URL.
1. Space: Above and Beyond, Season 1, episode 11, "The River of Stars," directed by Tucker Gates, aired December 17, 1995, on FOX Network; Beverly Hills, CA: Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2005, DVD.
2. Space: Above and Beyond, Season 1, episode 11, "The River of Stars," directed by Tucker Gates, aired December 17, 1995, on FOX Network; Netflix, accessed December 25, 2016, https://www.netflix.com/nz/spaceabovebeyond_7698_ep11.
Use director's last name only. If the episode title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Director Last name, "Title of Episode."
Examples
1. Gates, "The River of Stars."
Footnote number. Title of Series, created by First Name Last Name, produced by First Name Last Name, aired Years, on Network; Location: Distributor, Video/DVD Release Year. Format.
Footnote number. Title of Series, created by First Name Last Name, produced by First Name Last Name, aired Years, on Network; Location if Known: Streaming Provider, accessed Date, URL.
1. Space: Above and Beyond, created by Glenn Morgan and James Wong, produced by Ken Dennis, Howard Grigsby, Glen Morgan, James Wong, Herb Adelman, Tim McHugh, Stephen Zito, Tom Towler, Dan Dugan, and Michael Lake, aired 1995-1996, on FOX Network; Beverly Hills, CA: Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2005, DVD.
2. Space: Above and Beyond, created by Glenn Morgan and James Wong, produced by Ken Dennis, Howard Grigsby, Glen Morgan, James Wong, Herb Adelman, Tim McHugh, Stephen Zito, Tom Towler, Dan Dugan, and Michael Lake, aired 1995-1996, on FOX Network, Netflix, accessed January 11, 2016, https://www.netflix.com/nz/spaceabovebeyond_7698.
If the title series is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Title of Series.
Examples
1. Space: Above and Beyond.
This section refers to online video, which does not readily fit into the film or television series format, e.g. videos posted on YouTube. Note that the video's poster and the content's creator may not necessarily be the same. If the video's creator is not known, you may omit this information and lead with the title.
Film Title: The Film Title is in italics and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word).
Poster's name: Use quotation marks around the poster's name if it is obviously an alias.
Footnote number. Creator First Name Last Name, Title, Original Distributor if Applicable, Original Creation Year if Applicable, from Source, Collection Name if Applicable, Format, Duration, posted by "Poster name," Month Day, Year posted, URL.
Footnote number. Poster name if same as creator. Title, Original Distributor if Applicable, Original Creation Year if Applicable, from Source, Collection Name if Applicable, Format, Duration, posted by "Poster name," Month Day, Year posted, URL.
1. Immigration New Zealand, Welcoming Communities New Zealand, from YouTube, Video, 3:52, posted by Immigration New Zealand, August 2, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5L5Ay9cRfDI.
2. Hiro Murai, Childish Gambino - This is America (Official Video), 2018, from YouTube, video, 4:04, posted by Donald Glover, May 5, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYOjWnS4cMY.
3. R055, "Tokyo Earthquake - Mori Tower 52nd Floor (11/3/2011)", from YouTube, video, 1:43, posted by "R055", Mar 29, 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=knBatoNCPyw.
Use creator's last name only. If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Creator Last name, Title.
Examples
1. Immigration New Zealand, Welcoming Communities New Zealand.
2. Murai, Childish Gambino.
3. R055, "Tokyo Earthquake."
When footnote references to the same source follow each other, with no other references in between, use the shorter footnote form:
1. Archer, "Crisis and Change," 37.
2. Archer, 40.
3. Archer, 40.
4. Wall, Truth and Meaning, 324.
5. Archer, "Crisis and Change," 43.
Note: Chicago 17th edition discourages the use of 'ibid.' in favour of this shorter format.
Film title: The Film Title is in italics and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word).
For more information on reference list format and style, see General information - basics of referencing.
The first part of the bibliography reference (director name, title, and original release date) remains the same regardless of how you viewed the film. The second part of the reference tells the reader how/where you sourced the work.
Director Last name, First name, dir. Title of Work. Original Release Year; Location: Distributor, Video/DVD Release Year. Format.
Director Last name, First name, dir. Title of Work. Original Release Year; Location if available: Streaming Provider, accessed Date. URL.
Director Last name, First name, dir. Title of Work. Original Release Year. Aired Date, on Network; Location if available: Streaming Provider, accessed Date. URL.
Newell, Mike, dir. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. 2005; Neutral Bay, N.S.W.: Warner Home Video, 2009. DVD.
Newell, Mike, dir. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. 2005; Netflix, accessed May 12, 2018. https://www.netflix.com/nz/harrypotter_goblet_5123.
Newell, Mike, dir. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. 2005; Aired January 20, 2016, on TVNZ; University of Auckland TV and Radio Service, accessed May 20, 2018. https://www.library.auckland.ac.nz/tv-radio/title/VL_03871_03.
The first part of the bibliography reference (director name, episode information and title, series title) remains the same regardless of how you viewed the episode. The second part of the reference tells the reader where/how you sourced the work.
Director Last name, First name, dir. Title of Series. Season number, episode number, "Episode Title." Original Air Date if Known, on Network if Known; Location: Distributor, Video/DVD Release Year. Format.
Director Last Name, First Name, dir. Title of Series. Season number, episode number, "Episode Title." Original Air Date if Known, on Network if Known; Location if Known: Streaming Provider, accessed Date. URL.
Gates, Tucker, dir. Space: Above and Beyond. Season 1, episode 11, "The River of Stars." Aired December 17, 1995, on FOX Network; Beverly Hills, CA: Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2005. DVD.
Gates, Tucker, dir. Space: Above and Beyond. Season 1, episode 11, "The River of Stars." Aired December 17, 1995, on FOX Network; Netflix, accessed December 25, 2016. https://www.netflix.com/nz/spaceabovebeyond_7698_ep11.
The first part of the bibliography reference (series title, series creator and producers, original air dates and network) remains the same regardless of how you viewed the series. The second part of the reference tells the reader where you sourced the work.
Title of Series. Created by First Name Last Name. Produced by First Name Last Name. Aired Years, on Network; Location: Distributor, Video/DVD Release Year. Format.
Title of Series. Created by First Name Last Name. Produced by First Name Last Name. Aired Years, on Network; Location if Known: Streaming Provider, accessed Date, URL.
Space: Above and Beyond. Created by Glenn Morgan and James Wong. Produced by Ken Dennis, Howard Grigsby, Glen Morgan, James Wong, Herb Adelman, Tim McHugh, Stephen Zito, Tom Towler, Dan Dugan, and Michael Lake. Aired 1995-1996, on FOX Network; Beverly Hills, CA: Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2005. DVD.
Space: Above and Beyond. Created by Glenn Morgan and James Wong. Produced by Ken Dennis, Howard Grigsby, Glen Morgan, James Wong, Herb Adelman, Tim McHugh, Stephen Zito, Tom Towler, Dan Dugan, and Michael Lake. Aired 1995-1996, on FOX Network. Netflix, accessed January 11, 2016. https://www.netflix.com/nz/spaceabovebeyond_7698.
This section refers to online video, which does not readily fit into the film or television series format, e.g. videos posted on YouTube. Note that the video's poster and the content's creator may not necessarily be the same. If the video's creator is unknown, you may omit this information and lead with the title.
Film Title: The Film Title is in italics and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word).
Poster's name: Use quotation marks around the poster's name if it is obviously an alias.
Creator Last Name, First Name. Title. Original Distributor if Applicable, Original Creation Year if Applicable. From Source, Collection Name if Applicable. Format, Duration. Posted by "Poster name," Month Day, Year posted. URL.
Poster name if same as creator. Title. Original Distributor if Applicable, Original Creation Year if Applicable. From Source, Collection Name if Applicable. Format, Duration. Posted by "Poster name," Month Day, Year posted. URL.
Immigration New Zealand. Welcoming Communities New Zealand. From YouTube. Video, 3:52. Posted by Immigration New Zealand, August 2, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5L5Ay9cRfDI.
Murai, Hiro. Childish Gambino - This is America (Official Video). 2018. From YouTube. Video, 4:04. Posted by Donald Glover, May 5, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYOjWnS4cMY.
R055. "Tokyo Earthquake - Mori Tower 52nd Floor (11/3/2011)". From YouTube. Video, 1:43. Posted by "R055", Mar 29, 2011. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=knBatoNCPyw.