Add a superscript number in your text to show when you are using another person's ideas or words.
... as described by Cowan, this has only recently been identified.1
The footnote contains information about the source you are citing, include the page number/s of the page/paragraph within the item you are referring to. When citing the same source again, use the shorter footnote formats.
Footnote numbering: Footnotes are placed in numerical order at the bottom of the page. On a new page, footnote numbering continues. In a new chapter, footnote numbering starts from 1.
Article title: The "Article Title" is in normal font and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word), with quotation marks around it.
Journal title: The Journal Title is in italics and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word).
For more information on reference list format and style, see General information - basics of referencing.
Footnote number. Author First Name/s Last Name, "Article Title," Journal Title, Volume number, no. Issue number (Date of publication): page number/s.
1. Albert Smith, "High Speed Music Downloads," Journal of Musical Engineering 10, no. 4 (2012): 164.
2. Kirsty Willis, "Learning Through Art," Teaching and Learning New Zealand 5, no. 2 (Spring 1999): 11.
3. Brian Easton, “Economic Inequality in New Zealand: Update to a User’s Guide,” New Zealand Sociology 29, no. 3 (2014): 10.
Use author's last name only. If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Author Last Name, "Title of Article," page number/s.
Examples
1. Smith, "High Speed Music Downloads," 168.
2. Willis, "Learning Through Art," 12.
3. Easton, “Economic Inequality,” 12-3.
Referring to the immediately preceding reference
4. Easton, 15.
List authors in the order in which they appear in the source.
Footnote number. Author One First Name Last Name, Author Two First Name Last Name, and Author Three First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page number/s.
1. Michael Rutherford, and Hannah McIntyre, "The Art of Print," Journal of Book Arts 6, no. 2 (2015): 44.
2. Jason Sutton, P. Abercrombie, and Heather Potter, "Before the Flag," New Zealand Journal of History 18, no. 4 (Summer 1997): 138.
3. John Creedy, and Norman Gemmell, “Income Inequality in New Zealand: Why Conventional Estimates Are Misleading,” Agenda (Canberra, Australia) 26, no. 1 (2019): 7.
Use authors' last names only. If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Author One, Author Two, and Author Three, "Title of Article," page number/s.
Examples
1. Rutherford and McIntyre, "Art of Print," 47.
2. Sutton, Abercrombie, and Potter, "Before the Flag," 145.
3. Creedy, John, and Norman Gemmell. “Income Inequality," 12-13.
Referring to the immediately preceding reference
4. Creedy and Gemmell, 60.
List the first author only, followed by et al.
Footnote number. Author First Name Last Name et al., "Title of Article," Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page number/s.
1. Stuart Young et al., "Tracking the Memory of Media," Australasian Journal of Media Studies 15, no. 3 (2002): 50.
2. Katherine Banks et al., "At the Edge of the Concept," Philosophy 18, no. 4 (Summer 2015): 140.
3. Alison Talmage et al., “Music Therapy in a Time of Pandemic: Experiences of Musicking, Telehealth, and Resource-Oriented Practice during COVID-19 in Aotearoa New Zealand,” New Zealand Journal of Music Therapy, no. 18 (January 2020): 10-11.
Use first author's last name only, followed by et al. If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Author One, Author Two, and Author Three, "Title of Article," page number/s.
Examples
1. Young et al., "Tracking the Memory," 50.
2. Banks et al., "Edge of the Concept," 139.
3. Talmage et al., "Music Therapy," 55-56.
Referring to the immediately preceding reference
4. Talmage et al., 60.
Include any introductory articles in the organisation name, e.g. ‘A’, ‘The’, or ‘An’.
Footnote number. Organisation Name, "Title of Article," Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page number/s.
1. The Ministry of Education, "Every Pupil Counts," Education Talks 7, no. 2 (2011): 15.
2. New Zealand Institute of Creative Arts, "Arts in the Community," Creative New Zealand 3, no. 1 (2016): 64.
3. Taylor & Nielsen Inc., “New Zealand in the 21st Century: Evaluating the Choices of Nature,” Sociology Now 32, no. 3 (2000): 10.
Use Organisation name. If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. Organisation Name, "Title of Article," page number/s.
Examples
1. The Ministry of Education, "Every Pupil Counts," 23.
2. New Zealand Institute of Creative Arts, "Arts in the Community", 71.
3. Taylor & Nielsen Inc., “New Zealand in the 21st Century,” 20.
Referring to the immediately preceding reference
4. Taylor & Nielsen Inc., 25.
Include any introductory articles in the article title, e.g. ‘A’, ‘The’, or ‘An’.
Footnote number. "Title of Article," Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page number/s.
1. "The Researcher's Classroom," Journal of Musical Education 10, no. 4 (2011): 132.
2. "Second Language Acquisition," Teaching and Learning New Zealand 5, no. 2 (Spring 2009): 70.
3. “Squishy Seeds Matter: User’s Guide to Organic Gardening,” Organic Agriculture & Horticulture 33, no. 3 (2009): 10-11.
If the title is longer than four words, shorten it.
Footnote number. "Title of Article," page number/s.
Examples
1. "The Researcher's Classroom," 149.
2. "Second Language Acquisition," 67.
3. “Squishy Seeds Matter," 15.
When footnote references to the same source follow each other, with no other references in between, use the shorter footnote form:
1. Archer, "Crisis and Change," 37.
2. Archer, 40.
3. Archer, 40.
4. Wall, Truth and Meaning, 324.
5. Archer, "Crisis and Change," 43.
Note: Chicago 17th edition discourages the use of 'ibid.' in favour of this shorter format.
Article title: The "Article Title" is in normal font and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word), with quotation marks around it.
Journal title: The Journal Title is in italics and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word).
For more information on reference list format and style, see General information - basics of referencing.
Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page number range. https://doi.org/xxx.
Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page number range. Name of Database.
Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page number range.
Buonviri, Nathan O. “Successful AP Music Theory Instruction: A Case Study.” Update: Applications of Research in Music Education 36, no. 2 (2018): 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/8755123317724326.
Easton, Brian. “Economic Inequality in New Zealand: Update to a User’s Guide.” New Zealand Sociology 29, no. 3 (2014): 7–23. ProQuest Central.
Smith, Albert. "High Speed Music Downloads." Journal of Musical Engineering 10, no. 4 (2012): 164-78.
Reverse the order of the first author's name only (i.e. Last name, First name).
Author One Last Name, First Name, Author Two First Name Last Name, and Author Three First Name Last Name. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page number range. https://doi.org/xxx.
Author One Last Name, First Name, Author Two First Name Last Name, and Author Three First Name Last Name. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page number range. Name of Database.
Author One Last Name, First Name, Author Two First Name Last Name, and Author Three First Name Last Name. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page number range.
Bell, Avril, and Elizabeth Russell. “Aotearoa New Zealand’s New National History Curriculum and Histories of Mourning.” New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies 57, no. 1 (2022): 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40841-021-00231-2.
Hong, Joo Wha, Qiyao Peng, and Dmitri Williams. “Are You Ready for Artificial Mozart and Skrillex? An Experiment Testing Expectancy Violation Theory and AI Music.” New Media & Society 23, no. 7 (2021): 1920–35. Sage Journals.
Rutherford, Michael, and Hannah McIntyre. "The Art of Print." Journal of Book Arts 6, no. 2 (2015): 42-56.
Reverse the order of the first author's name only (i.e. Last name, First name).
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, Author Eight, Author Nine, and Author Ten. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page number range. https://doi.org/xxx.
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, Author Eight, Author Nine, and Author Ten. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page number range. Name of Database.
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, Author Eight, Author Nine, and Author Ten. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page number range.
Banks, Katherine, Paul. M. Able, Merimeri Watts, Elizabeth Satyanand, Lara C. Davies, Kiri Hanan, Ronald Park, and Felicity Gibbs. "At the Edge of the Concept." Philosophy 18, no. 4 (Summer 2015): 138-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/10873261303107.
Lowery, Oliver E. L., Jennifer Ryckaert, Adrian Field, Rachael Butler, and Louise Were. 2020. “A Sense of Belonging: Evaluating How a Music Therapy Service Is Valued by Its Community.” New Zealand Journal of Music Therapy, no. 18 (January 2020): 87–114. Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre Plus.
Oates, Carol, Jeremy Barker, Marie L. Foster, Rebecca Chen, Howard Hotere, Simon Peterson, James Huria, and Margaret Teh. "The Politics of Belonging." Journal of Sociology 10, no. 2 (1998): 283-290.
List only the first seven authors, followed by 'et al'. Reverse the order of the first author's name only (i.e. Last name, First name).
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, et al. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page number range. https://doi.org/xxx.
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, et al. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page number range. Name of Database.
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, et al. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page number range.
Burgen, Polly, Cameron Ipp, Claire Kawharu, Robert M. Watson, Teresa Sanders, Joshua McDonald, Moana Thompson, et al. "Ethical Theory in the Networked Age." Journal of Ethics and Philosophy 12, no. 1 (Fall 2014): 60-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/10823261383107.
Talmage, Alison, May Bee Choo Clulee, Hyunah Cho, Megan Glass, Jenny Gordon, Jingyuan Cici Kong, Sarah Hoskyns, et al. “Music Therapy in a Time of Pandemic: Experiences of Musicking, Telehealth, and Resource-Oriented Practice during COVID-19 in Aotearoa New Zealand.” New Zealand Journal of Music Therapy, no. 18 (January 2020): 7–66. Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre Plus.
Young, Stuart, John Barrow, Simon C. Donaldson, Priscilla Cowan, Victoria Ali, Angela Low, Suzanne Petrovich, et al. "Tracking the Memory of Media." Australasian Journal of Media Studies 15, no. 3 (2002): 48-56.
Include any introductory articles in the organisation name, e.g., ‘A’, ‘The’, or ‘An’. Ignore introductory articles when alphabetically ordering the bibliography.
Organisation Name. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page number range. https://doi.org/xxx.
Organisation Name. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page number range. Name of Database.
Organisation Name. "Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page number range.
The Ministry of Education. "Every Pupil Counts." Education Talks 7, no. 2 (2011): 14-28. https://doi.org/10.4551/0843682312.
New Zealand Institute of Creative Arts. "Arts in the Community." Creative New Zealand 3, no. 1 (2016): 64-72. Project MUSE.
Taylor & Nielsen Inc. “New Zealand in the 21st century: Evaluating the choices of nature.” Sociology Now 32, no. 3 (2000): 9-23.
Include any introductory articles in the title, e.g., ‘A’, ‘The’, or ‘An’. Ignore introductory articles when alphabetically ordering the bibliography.
"Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page number range. https://doi.org/xxx.
"Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page number range. Name of Database.
"Title of Article." Journal Title volume, no. issue (date of publication): page number range.
"The Researcher's Classroom." Journal of Musical Education 10, no. 4 (2011): 132-51. https://doi.org/10.1280/15573361300207.
"Second Language Acquisition." Teaching and Learning New Zealand 5, no. 2 (Spring 2009): 67-72. ProQuest Central.
“Squishy Seeds Matter: User’s Guide to Organic Gardening.” Organic Agriculture & Horticulture 33, no. 3 (2009): 6-26.