Any type of illustrative material, e.g. photograph, map, line drawing, graph, or chart, should be labelled Figure (abbreviated to Fig.)
For more information on reference list format and style, see General Information - Basics of Referencing.
If you are including a visual work (e.g. chart, photograph, drawing, etc.) that you have produced yourself, you do not need to reference this work.
For visual works, the author is the producer of the work, e.g. artwork - artist, photograph - photographer. If the author is unknown, place the title in the author's position.
Artist. Title of work. Museum/Institution/collection/source where the work is held or Publisher, City, Year of work. Medium.
Bouchardon, Edmé. Cupid Cutting His Bow From the Club of Hercules. The Louvre, Paris, 1750. Sculpture.
Cheyrou, Bill. Mother and Nurse with Newborn Baby. Alamy Stock Photo, 2012. Photograph. alamy.com/stock-photo-mother-and-nurse-with-newborn-baby-55270116.html
Department of Lands & Survey. Map of the North Island Showing County Boundaries, NZMS 139. National Library of New Zealand, 1968. Map.
Lorrain, C. Pastoral Caprice with the Arch of Constantine and the Colosseum. Scottish National Gallery, Edinburgh, 1648. Painting.
Artist. "Title of work." Book Title, by Author, Publisher, Year of work, page number.
Ball, Murray. "The Kids: Sid, Sam and Spud." Murray Ball: A Cartoonist's Life, by Mason Ball, HarperCollins Publishers, 2023, p. 61.
Title of image. "Title of work." by Author, Journal Title, vol. number, Year of work, page number.
Murray, Aged 37, Taken on 1950 Scottish Himalayan Expedition. "Spiritual Summits: WH Murray's Vision Inspired a Lifelong Journey of Discovery," by Cameron McNeish, The Scots Magazine, vol. 180, no. 1, 2014, p. 35.
Parenthetical citation: When you use another person’s ideas or words in your text, include the author’s name and page number/s in brackets, generally at the end of the sentence, e.g. ... education is a key factor (Wall 25).
Citation in prose: When you use the author’s name as part of a sentence (generally at the beginning of a sentence), include the page number in brackets at the end of the sentence, e.g. Thomas Jones discussed the appropriateness of using wet towelling ... (2).
When you are reproducing a whole work, you must acknowledge this.
You must also seek permission from the copyright owner if your writing will be made publicly available (e.g. a digital copy is uploaded to the University's research repository, ResearchSpace, or it is published in a journal). When permission is granted, add ‘Reprinted with permission’.
Note: Works in the public domain may be reproduced without permission. Works with a Creative Commons licence should be used according to the terms of its licence. In both of these cases, the creators of the work are still acknowledged, and the source is referenced. For more on the use of copyright materials, see About Copyright and Copyright for staff and students.
The University's copyright licence allows you to use images retrieved from a Library database, without seeking permission from the copyright holder, as long as your essay is not made publicly available. In this case, you may omit the information on the copyright holder and permission. However, you must still give credit to the creator of the work and reference your source.
Note: Works in the public domain may be reproduced without permission. Works with a Creative Commons licence should be used according to the terms of its licence. In both of these cases, the creators of the work are still acknowledged, and the source is referenced. For more on the use of copyright materials, see About Copyright and Copyright for staff and students.
Place the figure near your in-text citation.
Figure number: The figure number (Arabic) appears below the figure in bold font (e.g. Fig. 1). Number figures separately from tables in the order that they are mentioned in your text.
Figure title/caption: The figure title/caption appears (in Title Case) beside the figure number (e.g. Fig. 1. E. Mervyn Taylor. Clover. 1946, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa).
There are two options for the information under a figure.
You can provide full bibliographic details below the figure, citing them the same way as the works cited list entry, apart from inverting the author's name; see the example below. You don't need to include the information in the works cited list if you haven't mentioned the source in the text.
Otherwise, you would give brief details below the figure and provide the full bibliographic details in the works cited list; see the example below.
For more information on reference list format and style, see General Information - Basics of Referencing.
Figure Data
Fig. no. Artist. Title of work. Year of work, Location of work.
... as seen with the successful mural commissions in the contemporary development of New Zealand art in the seventies (see Fig. 1).
Figure Data
Fig. 1. Colin McCahon. Urewera Mural. 1975, Urewera National Park Board.
Figure Data
Fig. no. Artist, Title of work, medium, Year of Work.
... showing Binney's figurative paintings in the contemporary development of New Zealand art (see Fig. 2).
Figure Data
Fig. 2. Don Binney, Colonial Garden Bird, oil, 1965.
Binney, Don. Colonial Garden Bird. An Introduction to New Zealand Painting 1839-1980, by Gordon H. Brown and Hamish Keith, Collins, 1982, p. 160.
If you are only referring to an image or artwork in your text, not reproducing it, cite it in short form and include the full citation in the format from which you sourced the image within the Works Cited list.
Tracey Emin is no stranger to controversy, and her 1999 Tate Gallery installation, "My Bed", resulted in exposing aspects of her private life (23-24).
In 1999, there was a great deal of controversy caused by a Tate Gallery installation, "My Bed", which exposed aspects of the artist's private life (Emin 23-24).
Well-known works do not need citing.
... and the photograph was staged in a similar format to da Vinci's "The Last Supper".