Chapter title: The chapter title is in quotation marks and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word).
Book title: The book title is in italics and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word).
Editon: Include edition details for a numbered edition, e.g. 2nd ed. Place the edition details after the book title, but not in italics. Use Rev. ed. for revised editions.
Publisher: Publisher's names - list in full as they appear on the title or copyright pages, e.g. Harper Collins Publishers.
An exception to this is:
Omit legal names like Company (Co.), Incorporation (Inc.), Corporation (Corp.) and Limited (Ltd).
When the university is the publisher, e.g. University of Auckland, use U of Auckland. When it is a university press, e.g. Cambridge University Press, use UP, e.g. Cambridge UP.
Page numbers: For only one page, use p. 23. For a range of pages, use pp. 35-40. Do not repeat numbering, e.g. pp. 125-128, would be pp. 125-8.
DOI: For electronic books, include the DOI number (digital object identifier) if available. The format for a DOI is: https://doi.org/10.1080/1057356030207
If there is no DOI, use the web address (URL). A permalink or stable URL is preferred.
For more information on reference list format and style, see General information - basics of referencing.
In an edited book where chapters or sections are written by different authors, reference the specific chapter that has been cited. Include the page numbers for the whole chapter.
Author. "Title of chapter." Title of book, edited by Editor/s, edition, Publisher, year of publication, pp. page numbers. Name of database, https://doi.org/xxx
Author. "Title of chapter." Title of book, edited by Editor/s, edition, Publisher, year of publication, pp. page numbers. Name of database, URL.
Author. "Title of chapter." Title of book, edited by Editor/s, edition, Publisher, year of publication, pp. page numbers. Name of database.
Gogolin, Ingrid. “Bilingual and Multilingual Education.” The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics, edited by Li Wei et al., 2nd ed., Routledge, 2023, pp. 108–20. Taylor & Francis eBooks Complete, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003082644-10.
Hopkin, David. “Songs His Mother Taught Him: Émile Legrand’s Collection of Lacemakers’ Ballads.” Networks, Narratives and Nations: Transcultural Approaches to Cultural Nationalism in Modern Europe and Beyond, edited by Marjet Brolsma, et al., Amsterdam UP, 2022, pp. 157–66. Cambridge Books Online EBA, cambridge.org/.
Maughan, Pat Davitt. "Focus groups." Developing Web-Based Instruction: Planning, Designing, Managing, and Evaluating for Results, edited by Elizabeth A. Dupuis, Neal-Schuman, 2003, pp. 107-27.
McLachlan, Claire J., and Alison W. Arrow. "Literacy and the Early Education Curriculum in New Zealand." Excellence and Equity in Literacy Education. Palgrave Studies in Excellence and Equity in Global Education, edited by William E. Tunmer and James W. Chapman, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, pp. 95-120. Springer Nature Link, https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137415578_5.
Weinmann, Michiko. et al. (2024). "Students as Multilingual Influencers: Towards Linguistically Diverse Higher Education in Anglophone Contexts." Language Education Policies in Multilingual Settings, edited by Laura Gurney and Laskshman Wedikkarage, Multilingual Education Yearbook, 2024, pp. 85-105. Springer Nature Link, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57484-9_6.
Parenthetical citation: When you use another person’s ideas or words in your text, include the author’s name and page number/s in brackets, generally at the end of the sentence, e.g. ... education is a key factor (Wall 25).
Citation in prose: When you use the author’s name as part of a sentence (generally at the beginning of a sentence), include the page number in brackets at the end of the sentence, e.g. Thomas Jones discussed the appropriateness of using wet towelling ... (2).
... the highly controversial matter of bi- or multilingual education (Gogolin 108). Types of bilingual education are debated, for example, the usefulness of the immersion model (111).
Gogolin examines the effectiveness of bilingual education (114). When delivered in a well-structured and balanced manner, bilingual education can lead to solely positive outcomes. (116).
Use the word 'and' between two authors.
Teachers need more support to effectively develop children's early literacy skills and identify those who need extra help (McLachlan and Arrow 115).
Cite both authors in full (first name surname (last name)) the first time.
Claire McLachlan and Alison Arrow talk about how New Zealand was once considered a leader in the area of early childhood education (95).
If using the same reference again, only cite the surnames (last names).
McLachlan and Arrow point out that educators need additional guidance to build young learners' foundational literacy skills and to recognise students who need the most support (115).
Cite only the surname of the first author followed by ‘et al.’
Too much emphasis has been placed on the academic staff and their pedagogy and practice regarding multilingualism in higher education (Weinmann et al. 86).
Cite the first author in full (first name surname (last name)) followed by 'and others' or 'and colleagues' to acknowledge the other authors the first time.
Michiko Weinmann and colleagues discussed how there has been an excessive focus on academic staff and their teaching methods when it comes to multilingualism in higher education (86).
If using the same reference again, only cite the surname (last name) and others/and colleagues.
Weinmann and others feel that students need to be consulted and bring their perspective into the partnership (86-7).
Note: A group could be an organisation, association, government department, study group, etc.
Use the name of the group as it appears in your works cited. However, the group name can be abbreviated if you use the author a lot. The first time, cite the full name with the abbreviation. Subsequently, only use the abbreviation. If the reader could be confused by the abbreviation use the full group name each time.
When using the group name in a parenthetical citation, shorten the name to the shortest noun phrase, e.g. the "National Academy of Sciences" would be shortened to "National Academy."
... the rate of warming is over ten times faster than it was at the end of the ice age, marking the most rapid sustained global change ever recorded (National Academy 9).
The National Academy of Sciences proclaims that the current warming rate is more than ten times quicker than the fastest natural, sustained change seen globally since the end of the ice age (9).
Subsequently, if you cite the name of the group a lot, then use a shortened form.
The National Academy raised awareness of the impact of global warming on the environment (10).
If you are citing a work from multiple volumes, include the volume number and page number that you are citing, separated by a colon.
A recent study showed that the use of illustrations helped students to understand abstract concepts more readily (Bingham et al. 5: 7).
In a recent study, Patricia Bingham and colleagues showed that the use of illustrations helped students to understand abstract concepts more readily (5: 7).
If you cite an entire volume from a multivolume work, include the volume number (and include the abbreviation vol.) that you are citing.
Breakthroughs in artificial intelligence were possible due to the deep learning algorithm (Brown, vol. 2).
Geoffrey Hinton and others' breakthroughs in artificial intelligence were possible due to the deep learning algorithm (vol. 2).