Add a reference list at the end of your essay, citing all sources used in the body of your writing. The reference list should be in numbered order.
Chapter title: The chapter title should be in sentence case (capital letter on the first word, and then lower case, unless it is a proper noun, e.g. A solution of integrals of the type of Glauert's integral.
Book title: The book title should be in title case (capital letter at the beginning of each major word) and Italics, e.g. Principles of Communications: Systems, Modulation, and Noise.
Edition: Include edition details for a numbered edition, e.g. 2nd ed. Place the edition details after the book title.
Place of publication: For the place of publication, after the city, include the state code for the USA only, e.g. St Louis, MI, USA. Outside the USA, use city and country, e.g. Auckland, New Zealand.
Publisher's name: Abbreviate the publisher's name, e.g. Cambridge University Press would become Cambridge Uni. Press. Wiley & Sons Ltd would be Wiley (See Part IV IEEE Referencing Guide).
For more reference list format and style information, see General information - basics of referencing.
For a chapter in an edited book (i.e. different author/s for each chapter).
[1] Author(s) of book chapter, "Title of book chapter," in Title of Book, Edition ed., Editor(s), Ed(s)., City of publication, U.S. State Code only, Country: Abbrev. Publisher, Year of publication, ch. chapter number, sec. section number, pp. page range. [Online]. Available: URL
[2] Author(s) of book chapter, "Title of book chapter," in Title of Book (Title of Series, no. number), Edition ed., Editor(s), Ed(s)., City of publication, U.S. State Code only, Country: Abbrev. Publisher, Year of publication, ch. chapter number, sec. section number, pp. page range. [Online]. Available: URL
[3] Author(s) of book chapter. "Title of book chapter," in Title of Book , Edition ed., Editor(s), Ed(s)., City of publication, U.S. State Code only, Country: Abbrev. Publisher, Year of publication, ch. chapter number, sec. section number, pp. page range.
[1] R. A. Linsenmeier and J. B. Troy, "Retinal bioengineering," in Neural Engineering, B. He, Ed., Boston, MA, USA: Springer, 2013, pp. 565-634. [Online]. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5227-0. Available: https://link-springer-com.
[2] J. A. García López and L. Aguilar, "Design of a low-cost test plan for low-cost MEMS accelerometers," in Computer Science and Engineering—Theory and Applications (Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, no. 143), M. A. Sanchez, L. Aguilar, M. Castañón-Puga, and A. Rodríguez-Díaz, Eds., Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018, pp. 197-212. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-74060-7. Available: https://link-springer-com
[3] G. Steinmeyer and A. Demircan, "Are rogue waves really rogue?," in Nonlinear Guided Wave Optics: A Testbed for Extreme Waves, S. Wabnitz, Ed., Bristol, England: IOP Publishing, 2017, pp. 11-1-11-18.
For a chapter in an unedited book (i.e. author/s wrote the whole book), reference the whole book, not the individual chapter.
[1] D. Ashby, Electrical Engineering 101: Everything You Should Have Learned in School – But Probably Didn't, 3rd ed. Oxford, England: Newnes, 2012.
Note: If you want to draw attention to a particular chapter, do this in-text.
When using another person's ideas or words, include an Arabic numeral in square brackets (consecutively numbered).
... has been recently identified [1].
The same number is used if the reference is referred to again. If referring to a different page/part from that reference, include the relevant information with the reference number.
Sensible heat is when heat is transferred to a material by raising or lowering the temperature [1, Ch. 5].
OR
Sensible heat is the transfer of heat to a material by raising or lowering the temperature [1, pp. 340-345].
If you are expressing ideas that have originated from more than one source, separate the numbers with commas if referring to a range of numbers (references).
... in alkyl sulphates such as sodium lauryl sulphate [3], [5], [6] and diethyl sulphate [7]. Other compounds showing promise were those in the C12 - C14 range [8], [9], [10].
Only use the author's name where it is integral to the understanding of the sentence; otherwise, just refer to the reference number.
Cook [11] reduced the calculated time ...
.. as demonstrated by Cook [2].
If citing a reference in the text with three or more authors, list the first author followed by et al.
Woods et al. [12] demonstrated the need for speed restrictions ...
For direct quotes, use quotation marks and include the page number(s).
The experts stated that "kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a moving system because of its velocity" [1, p. 139].