Add a reference list at the end of your essay, citing all sources used in the body of your writing. The reference list should be in numbered order.
Book title: The book title should be in title case (capital letter at the beginning of each major word) and Italics, e.g. Principles of Communications: Systems, Modulation, and Noise.
Edition: Include edition details for a numbered edition, e.g. 2nd ed. Place the edition details after the book title.
Place of publication: For the place of publication - after the city, include the state code for the USA only, e.g. St Louis, MI, USA. Outside the USA, use city and country, e.g. Auckland, New Zealand.
Publisher: Abbreviate the publisher's name, e.g. Cambridge University Press would become Cambridge Uni. Press, Wiley & Sons Ltd would be Wiley (See Part IV IEEE Referencing Guide).
For more information on reference list format and style, see General Information - Basics of Referencing.
[1] Author, Title of Book, Edition ed. City of publication, U.S. State Code only, Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, Year of publication. [Online]. Available: URL
[1] P. M. Doran, Bioprocess Engineering Principles, 2nd ed. Waltham, MA, USA: Academic Press, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www.elsevier.com/books/bioprocess-engineering-principles/doran/978-0-08-091770-2
[2] Author, Title of Book, Edition ed. City of publication, U.S. State Code only, Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, Year of publication.
[2] D. Ashby, Electrical Engineering 101: Everything You Should Have Learned in School – But Probably Didn't, 3rd ed. Oxford, England: Newnes, 2012.
[1] Author One, Two, Three, Four, Five, and Six, Title of Book, Edition ed. City of publication, U.S. State Code only, Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, Year of publication. [Online]. Available: URL
[1] A. Kossiakoff, S. M. Biemer, S. J. Seymour, and D. A. Flanigan, Systems Engineering: Principles and Practice, 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Systems+Engineering+Principles+and+Practice%2C+3rd+Edition-p-9781119516705
[2] Author One, Two, Three, Four, Five, and Six, Title of Book, Edition ed. City of publication, U.S. State Code only, Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, Year of publication.
[2] R. F. Weiner and R. A. Matthews, Environmental Engineering, 4th ed. Burlington, MA, USA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003.
List the first author followed by et al. (in Italics)
[1] Author, et al., Title of Book, Edition ed. City of publication, U.S. State Code only, Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, Year of publication. [Online]. Available: URL
[1] O. Epstein, et al., Clinical Examination, 4th ed. Edinburgh, Scotland: Mosby, 2008. [Online]. Available: https://www.clinicalkey.com.au
[2] Author, et al., Title of Book, Edition ed. City of publication, U.S. State Code only, Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, Year of publication.
[2] S. Marans, et al., The Police-Mental Health Partnership: A Community-Based Response to Urban Violence. New Haven, CT, USA: Yale University, 1995.
Note: Group could be an organisation, association, government department, study group, etc.
[1] Name of Organisation/Group, Title, Edition ed. City of publication, U.S. State Code only, Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, Year of publication. [Online]. Available: URL
[1] Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Engineering, and National Academy of Sciences, Beyond Bias and Barriers: Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006. [Online]. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/
[2] Name of Organisation/Group, Title, Edition ed. City of publication, U.S. State Code only, Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, Year of publication
[2] National Academy of Engineering, The Engineer of 2020: Visions of Engineering in the New Century. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2004.
If the author is unknown, place the title in the author's position.
[1] Title of book, Edition ed. City of publication, U.S. State Code only, Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, Year of publication. [Online]. Available: URL
[2] Title of book, Edition ed. City of publication, U.S. State Code only, Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, Year of publication.
[1] Lean Healthcare Dictionary: An Illustrated Guide to Using the Language of Lean Management in Healthcare. New York, NY, USA: Productivity Press, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www-taylorfrancis-com/books/9781482232912
[2] Reading Women’s Lives: An Introduction to Women’s Studies. Needham Heights, MA, USA: Simon & Schuster, 1997.
Place the editor(s) name where the author would normally appear, followed by Ed. or Eds.
[1] Editor(s), Ed(s). Title of book, Edition ed. City of publication, U.S. State Code only, Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, Year of publication. [Online]. Available: URL
[2] Editor(s), Ed(s). Title of book, Edition ed. City of publication, U.S. State Code only, Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, Year of publication.
[1] B. J. Alder, Ed. Special Purpose Computers. San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press, 1988. [Online]. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-049260-2.50001-5. Available: https://www-sciencedirect-com
[2] T. F. Gonzalez, J. L. Diaz-Herrera, and A. B. Tucker, Eds. Computing Handbook: Computer Science and Software Engineering, 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2014.
When using another person's ideas or words, include an Arabic numeral in square brackets (consecutively numbered).
... has been recently identified [1].
The same number is used if the reference is referred to again. If referring to a different page/part from that reference, include the relevant information with the reference number.
Sensible heat is when heat is transferred to a material by raising or lowering the temperature [1, Ch. 5].
OR
Sensible heat is the transfer of heat to a material by raising or lowering the temperature [1, pp. 340-345].
If you are expressing ideas that have originated from more than one source, separate the numbers with commas if referring to a range of numbers (references).
... in alkyl sulphates such as sodium lauryl sulphate [3], [5], [6] and diethyl sulphate [7]. Other compounds showing promise were those in the C12 - C14 range [8], [9], [10].
Only use the author's name where it is integral to the understanding of the sentence; otherwise, just refer to the reference number.
Cook [11] reduced the calculated time ...
.. as demonstrated by Cook [2].
If citing a reference in the text with three or more authors, list the first author followed by et al.
Woods et al. [12] demonstrated the need for speed restrictions ...
For direct quotes, use quotation marks and include the page number(s).
The experts stated that "kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a moving system because of its velocity" [1, p. 139].