Add a superscript number in your text to show when you are using another person's ideas or words.
... as described by Cowan, this has only recently been identified.1
The footnote contains information about the source you are citing, include the page number(s) of the page/paragraph within the item you are referring to. When citing the same source again, use the shorter footnote formats.
Footnote numbering: Footnotes are placed in numerical order at the bottom of the page. On a new page, footnote numbering continues. In a new chapter, footnote numbering starts from 1.
Book chapter title: The 'Book Chapter Title' is in normal font and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word), with single quotation marks around it.
Book title: The Book Title is in italics and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word).
For more information on reference list format and style, see General information - basics of referencing.
Footnote Number. Author First Name(s) Last Name, 'Chapter Title', in Editor(s) First Name Last Name (ed.), Book Title. Place of Publication, Publisher, Date of Publication, pp.Page number.
First reference
12. Simon F. Ortiz. 'The Language We Speak', in Nancy Buffington, Marvin Diogenes, and Clyde Moneyhun (eds.), Living Languages: Contexts for Reading and Writing. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall, 1997, pp.42.
Referring to the immediately preceding reference
13. Ibid., 55.
Subsequent references
21. Ortiz, 100.
Footnote Number. First Author of the chapter First Name(s) Last Name and Second Author First Name(s) Last Name, 'Chapter Title', in Editor(s) First Name Last Name (ed.), Book Title. Place of Publication, Publisher, Date of Publication, pp.Page number.
First Reference
1. Armon Tamatea and Nick Wilson, 'New Zealand Prison Violence: History, Prevalence, and Organisational Responses', in Armon J. Tamatea, Andrew J. Day, and David J. Cooke (eds.), Preventing Prison Violence: An Ecological Perspective. London, Routledge, 2023, pp.92.
Referring to the immediately preceding reference
2. Ibid., 95.
Subsequent references
25. Tamatea and Wilson, 101.
Footnote Number. Author First Name(s) Last Name, 'Chapter Title', in Editor(s) First Name Last Name (ed.), Book Title. Place of Publication, Publisher, Date of Publication, pp.Page number.
First Reference
1. Gaye Tyler-Merrick, et al., 'Early Childhood Education and Care in Aotearoa/New Zealand', in Susanne Garvis, Sivanes Phillipson, and Heidi Harju-Lukkainen (eds.), International Perspectives on Early Childhood Education and Care: Early Childhood Education in the 21st Century, Vol. 1. London, Routledge, 2018, pp.128.
Referring to the immediately preceding reference
2. Ibid., 130.
Subsequent references
25. Tyler-Merrick, et al., 139.
Book chapter title: The 'Book Chapter Title' is in normal font and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word), with single quotation marks around it.
Book title: The Book Title is in italics and title case (capitalise the first letter of each major word).
For more information on reference list format and style, see General information - basics of referencing.
Author of the Chapter Last Name, First name(s). 'Chapter Title', in Editor(s) First Name Last Name (ed.), Book Title. Place of Publication, Publisher, Date of Publication.
Ortiz, Simon F. 'The Language We Speak', in Nancy Buffington, Marvin Diogenes, and Clyde Moneyhun (eds.), Living Languages: Contexts for Reading and Writing. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall, 1997.
First Author of the chapter Last Name, First Name(s) and Second Author Last Name, First name(s). 'Chapter Title', in Editor(s) First Name Last Name (ed.), Book Title. Place of Publication, Publisher, Date of Publication.
Tamatea, Armon and Wilson, Nick. 'New Zealand Prison Violence: History, Prevalence, and Organisational Responses', in Armon J. Tamatea, Andrew J. Day, and David J. Cooke (eds.), Preventing Prison Violence: An Ecological Perspective. London, Routledge, 2023.
When there are three or more authors, list the first author followed by et al. (and others)
First Author of the Chapter Last Name, First name(s) et al., 'Chapter Title', in Editor(s) First Name Last Name (ed.), Book Title. Place of Publication, Publisher, Date of Publication.
Tyler-Merrick, Gaye. et al., 'Early Childhood Education and Care in Aotearoa/New Zealand', in Susanne Garvis, Sivanes Phillipson, and Heidi Harju-Lukkainen (eds.), International Perspectives on Early Childhood Education and Care: Early Childhood Education in the 21st Century, Vol. 1. London, Routledge, 2018.