Edition: Include edition details for a numbered edition, e.g. 2nd ed. Place the edition details after the book title.
No date: If there is no year of publication, use [date unknown].
Place of publication: For the place of publication - after the city, include the state code in brackets for USA/Canada or the country code for outside of the USA/Canada, e.g. St Louis (MI) or Auckland (NZ).
If there is no place of publication, use [place unknown].
Publisher: If there is no publisher, use [publisher unknown].
Page numbers: If there are no page numbers, calculate the number of pages or screens, e.g. [about 2 p.] or [about 4 screens].
For more information on reference list format and style, see General information - basics of referencing.
1. Author. Title of book [Internet]. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication [cited Year Abbreviated month day]. Available from: URL
2. Author. Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.
1. Suetens P. Fundamentals of medical imaging [Internet]. 3rd ed. Cambridge (England): Cambridge University Press; 2017 [cited 2017 Oct 16]. Available from: https://www-cambridge-org/core/books/fundamentals-of-medical-imaging/
2. Azer SA. Making sense of clinical teaching: a hands-on guide to success. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2013.
1. Author One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six. Title of book [Internet]. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication [cited Year Abbreviated month day]. Available from: URL
2. Author One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six. Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.
1. Ritter J, Flower R, Henderson G, Rang H. Rang & Dale's pharmacology [Internet]. 8th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2015 [cited 2017 Nov 30]. Available from: https://www-clinicalkey-com-au/#!/browse/book/3-s2.0-C20120031079
2. Boron WF, Boulpaep EL. Medical physiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2017.
List the first six authors, followed by et al.
1. Author One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, et al. Title of book [Internet]. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication [cited Year Abbreviated month day]. Available from: URL
2. Author One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, et al. Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.
1. Epstein O, Perkin GD, Cookson J, Watt IS, Rakhit R, Robins A, et al. Clinical examination [Internet]. 4th ed. Edinburgh: Mosby; 2008 [cited 2017 Nov 30]. Available from: https://auckland.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/64UAUCK_INST/1pit749/
alma99265098297202091
2. Marans S, Adnopoz J, Berkman M, Esserman D, MacDonald D, Nagler S, et al. The police-mental health partnership: a community-based response to urban violence. New Haven (CT): Yale University; 1995.
Note: Group could be an organisation, association, government department, study group, etc.
List the first six authors, followed by et al.
1. Name of Organisation/Group. Title [Internet]. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year [cited date]. Available from: URL
2. Name of Organisation/Group. Title. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; year.
1. Ministry of Social Development. The business of ageing: realising the economic potential of older people in New Zealand: 2011–2051 [Internet]. Wellington (NZ): Ministry of Social Development; 2011 [cited 2017 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.msd.govt.nz/about-msd-and-our-work/publications-resources/research/business-of-ageing/index.html
2. Ministry of Health. The health of Pacific peoples. Wellington (NZ): Ministry of Health; 2005.
If the author is unknown, place the title in the author's position.
1. Title of book [Internet]. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication [cited Year Abbreviated month day]. Available from: URL
2. Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.
1. Lean healthcare dictionary: an illustrated guide to using the language of lean management in healthcare [Internet]. New York: Productivity Press; 2014 [cited 2017 Nov 30]. Available from: https://www-taylorfrancis-com/books/9781482232912
2. Reading women’s lives: an introduction to women’s studies. Needham Heights (MA): Simon & Schuster; 1997.
Place the editor(s) name where the author would normally appear, followed by editor(s).
1. Editor(s), editor(s). Title of book [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; year of publication [cited date]. Available from: URL
2. Editor(s), editor(s). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher; year of publication.
1. Foley KM, Gelband H, editors. Improving palliative care for cancer [Internet]. Washington: National Academy Press; 2001 [cited 2017 Nov 30]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25057564
2. McDonald L, editor. Florence Nightingale on women, medicine, midwifery and prostitution. Waterloo (ON): Wilfrid Laurier University Press; 2005.
When using another person's ideas or words, include an Arabic numeral in brackets (consecutively numbered). If the reference is referred to again, the same number is used.
... has been recently identified (1). There is a need to be cautious with giving aspirin to children as overdosing can lead to mortality (1).
If you are expressing ideas that have originated from more than one source, separate the numbers with commas or use a hyphen if referring to a range of numbers (references).
... in alkyl sulphates such as sodium lauryl sulphate (3,5-6) and diethyl sulphate (7). Other compounds showing promise were those in the C12 - C14 range (3-4).