This section includes streaming or broadcast video and audio content, including podcasts, TV and radio.
Online audiovisual content can be posted and accessed in a variety of ways. This means the same content can be cited in multiple ways.
Use the recommended formats below as a guide, but note that depending on the content, some citation elements will not be applicable. Use your judgment and aim to be as clear and descriptive as possible.
If needed, add a note (in round brackets) at the end of your citation to provide additional information for the reader. For example, when citing a podcast episode, you may provide information about the interviewee.
Refer to Section 4.3.5.6 of the ACS Guide to Scholarly Communication for more on citing audiovisual content, including streaming media and podcasts.
For more information on reference list format and style, see General information - basics of referencing.
1. Author(s). Audio or Video Title. Organisation/Production Company. Site/Platform, Date. DOI or URL
1. World Economic Forum. New Zealand is Banning Toxic ‘Forever Chemicals’ in Cosmetics. February 13, 2024, https://www.weforum.org/videos/new-zealand-ban-forever-chemicals/
2. Ball, D. T. The Nature of Matter. The Great Courses. Kanopy, 2015. https://www.kanopy.com/en/product/nature-matter
3.@TommyTechnetium. Chemistry Showdown: Gatorade vs Powerade. YouTube, April 27, 2025. https://www.youtube.com/shorts/L0P6JKlT3ks
4. Boroditsky, L. How Language Shapes the Way We Think. TED, May 3, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKK7wGAYP6k
1. Author(s). Audio or Video Title. Program or Series Title. Organisation/Production Company. Site/Platform, Date. DOI or URL
1. Duffy, C. A bite into food science. Wrong Answers Only. LabX. YouTube, October 17, 2024, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BQEZ2pTB6J4
1. Author(s). Episode Title. Podcast title. Program or Series Title. Organisation/Production Company. Site/Platform, Date. DOI or URL (if available)
1. Ballance, A.; Blackman, A. Zirconium – Shape-shifting time capsule. Elemental. RNZ, December 23, 2019, (episode 98 of the Elemental series). https://www.rnz.co.nz/podcast/elemental
Put a superscript number in your text to show when you are using another person's ideas or words. This number directs the reader to the reference list, containing information about the work you are citing.
... has been recently identified.1
If you are making a direct quotation, use quotation marks.
Dalas and Koutsoukos observed that "the presence of the magnetic field did not result in preferential growth of a certain crystal face."2
If the same source is referred to more than once within your text, repeat the number. If you are expressing ideas that have originated from more than one source, separate the numbers with commas, or use a hyphen if referring to several endnotes. A number following the full stop/period applies to the whole sentence.
...in alkyl sulphates such as sodium lauryl sulphate3,5-7 and diethyl sulphate6. Chew and Maibach3 also noted that the compounds showing promise were those in the C12 - C14 range.